Making ‘chemical cocktails’ – Evolution of urban geochemical processes across the periodic table of elements

Kaushal, Sujay S.; Wood, Kelsey L.; Galella, Joseph G.; Gion, Austin M.; Haq, Shahan; Goodling, Phillip J.; Haviland, K.; Reimer, Jenna E.; Morel, Carol J.; Wessel, Barret M.; Nguyen, W. D.; Hollingsworth, John W.; Mei, Kevin; Leal, Julián Camilo Murillo; Widmer, J. M.; Sharif, Rahat; Mayer, Paul M.; Johnson, Tamara A. Newcomer; Newcomb, Katie Delaney; Smith, Evan M.; Belt, Kenneth T.

doi:10.1016/j.apgeochem.2020.104632

Cited by 73 publications

(72 citation statements)

References 200 publications

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“…Watershed BMPs can be used to intercept and dampen contaminant pulses in human-impacted landscapes where contaminants are efficiently transported to surface waters by engineered drainage systems ( Kaushal and Belt, 2012 ; Kaushal et al., 2014 ). In addition, these BMPs may have some potential for co-managing complex mixtures and/or ‘chemical cocktails’ of different contaminants with similarities in fate and transport, or shared hydrologic flowpaths ( Kaushal et al., 2018 , 2020 ). Previous research has demonstrated the potential for additive, synergistic, or antagonistic effects of chemical mixtures on aquatic organisms ( Kortenkamp, 2007 ; Lopez-Doval et al., 2019 ); thus, a comprehensive information on the spatiotemporal occurrence of micropollutants is necessary to have an accurate assessment of their ecotoxicological risk.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimized suspect screening approach for a comprehensive assessment of the impact of best management practices in reducing micropollutants transport in the Potomac River watershed

Guardian

Bermudez

et al. 2021

Water Research X

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The vast number of chemicals potentially reaching aquatic environment pose a challenge in maintaining the quality of water resources. However, best management practices to improve water quality are typically focused on reducing nutrient transport without assessing how these practices may impact the occurrence of micropollutants. The potential for co-management of nutrients and organic micropollutants exists, but few studies have comprehensively evaluated the suite of contaminants associated with different water quality management practices (riparian zone restoration, stormwater management, etc.). Furthermore, most studies dealing with the determination of micropollutants in environmental samples include only a limited number of target analytes, leaving many contaminants undetected. To address this limitation, there has been a gradual shift in environmental monitoring from using target analysis to either suspect screening analysis (SSA) or non-targeted analysis (NTA), which relies on accurate mass measurements, mass spectral fragmentation patterns, and retention time information obtained using liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry. The work presented in this paper focuses on a wide-scope detection of micropollutants in surface water samples from the Potomac River watershed (United States). An in-house database composed of 1039 compounds based on experimental analysis of primary standards was established, and SSA workflow was optimized and applied to determine the presence of micropollutants in surface water. A total of 103 micropollutants were detected in the samples, some of which are contaminants that were not previously monitored and belong to various classes such as pharmaceuticals, personal care products, per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances and other persistent industrial chemicals. The impact of best management practices being implemented for nitrogen and phosphorus reductions were also assessed for their potential to reduce micropollutant transport. This work illustrates the advantages of suspect screening methods to determine a large number of micropollutants in environmental samples and reveals the potential to co-manage a diverse array of micropollutants based on shared transport and transformation mechanisms in watersheds.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimized suspect screening approach for a comprehensive assessment of the impact of best management practices in reducing micropollutants transport in the Potomac River watershed

Guardian

Bermudez

et al. 2021

Water Research X

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“…Concentrations of major ions increase with increased impervious surface cover and hydrologic connectivity in these and other nearby watersheds; we do not present data on major ions here so we can focus on trace metals, but this detailed information can be found elsewhere in our previous papers [2,3,8,49].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Urbanization is expected to increase over the next century with significant impacts on water quality in streams and rivers across space and time [1][2][3][4]. Metals, such as lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), and mercury (Hg), are commonly found together at elevated concentrations in many urban streams [4][5][6][7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Metals, such as lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), and mercury (Hg), are commonly found together at elevated concentrations in many urban streams [4][5][6][7]. Urbanization has significant impacts on the transport and transformation of novel mixtures of these and other metals, which can form 'chemical cocktails' in many watersheds across regional and global scales [2,3,8]. Characterizing changes in concentrations of metals cocktails in urban streams is important for predicting impacts on aquatic life, ecosystem functions, and human health [5,7,9].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Developing Sensor Proxies for “Chemical Cocktails” of Trace Metals in Urban Streams

Morel

Kaushal

Tan

et al. 2020

Water

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Understanding transport mechanisms and temporal patterns in the context of metal concentrations in urban streams is important for developing best management practices and restoration strategies to improve water quality. In some cases, in-situ sensors can be used to estimate unknown concentrations of trace metals or to interpolate between sampling events. Continuous sensor data from the United States Geological Survey were analyzed to determine statistically significant relationships between lead, copper, zinc, cadmium, and mercury with turbidity, specific conductance, dissolved oxygen, and discharge for the Hickey Run, Watts Branch, and Rock Creek watersheds in the Washington, D.C. region. We observed a significant negative linear relationship between concentrations of Cu and dissolved oxygen at Rock Creek (p < 0.05). Sometimes, turbidity had significant positive linear relationships with Pb and Hg concentrations. There were negative or positive linear relationships between Pb, Cd, Zn, and Hg and specific conductance. There also appeared to be relationships between watershed areal fluxes of Pb, Cu, Zn, and Cd in streams with turbidity. Watershed monitoring approaches using continuous sensor data have the potential to characterize the frequency, magnitude, and composition of pulses in concentrations and loads of trace metals, which could improve the management and restoration of urban streams.

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“…The complex interrelationships between salt ions and chemical, biological, and geologic parameters and consequences on the natural, social, and built environment is called Freshwater Salinization Syndrome (FSS). In order to face the challenge of increasing impacts from freshwater salinization, a better understanding is needed about the diverse causes of freshwater salinization and the various environmental consequences of different mixtures of salt ions (as impacted by anthropogenic watershed salt inputs, saltwater intrusion, and/or other processes) (Kaushal et al 2018a(Kaushal et al , 2019(Kaushal et al , 2020. In the future, many of the world's water resources may be impacted by watershed salt inputs and also from saltwater intrusion into watersheds (Tully et al 2019a).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Freshwater salinization syndrome: from emerging global problem to managing risks

et al. 2021

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Freshwater salinization is an emerging global problem impacting safe drinking water, ecosystem health and biodiversity, infrastructure corrosion, and food production. Freshwater salinization originates from diverse anthropogenic and geologic sources including road salts, human-accelerated weathering, sewage, urban construction, fertilizer, mine drainage, resource extraction, water softeners, saltwater intrusion, and evaporative concentration of ions due to hydrologic alterations and climate change. The complex interrelationships between salt ions and chemical, biological, and geologic parameters and consequences on the natural, social, and built environment are called Freshwater Salinization Syndrome (FSS). Here, we provide a comprehensive overview of salinization issues (past, present, and future), and we investigate drivers and solutions. We analyze the expanding global magnitude and scope of FSS including its discovery in humid regions, connections to human-accelerated weathering and mobilization of ‘chemical cocktails.’ We also present data illustrating: (1) increasing trends in salt ion concentrations in some of the world’s major freshwaters, including critical drinking water supplies; (2) decreasing trends in nutrient concentrations in rivers due to regulations but increasing trends in salinization, which have been due to lack of adequate management and regulations; (3) regional trends in atmospheric deposition of salt ions and storage of salt ions in soils and groundwater, and (4) applications of specific conductance as a proxy for tracking sources and concentrations of groups of elements in freshwaters. We prioritize FSS research needs related to better understanding: (1) effects of saltwater intrusion on ecosystem processes, (2) potential health risks from groundwater contamination of home wells, (3) potential risks to clean and safe drinking water sources, (4) economic and safety impacts of infrastructure corrosion, (5) alteration of biodiversity and ecosystem functions, and (6) application of high-frequency sensors in state-of-the art monitoring and management. We evaluate management solutions using a watershed approach spanning air, land, and water to explore variations in sources, fate and transport of different salt ions (e.g. monitoring of atmospheric deposition of ions, stormwater management, groundwater remediation, and managing road runoff). We also identify tradeoffs in management approaches such as unanticipated retention and release of chemical cocktails from urban stormwater management best management practices (BMPs) and unintended consequences of alternative deicers on water quality. Overall, we show that FSS has direct and indirect effects on mobilization of diverse chemical cocktails of ions, metals, nutrients, organics, and radionuclides in freshwaters with mounting impacts. Our comprehensive review suggests what could happen if FSS were not managed into the future and evaluates strategies for reducing increasing risks to clean and safe drinking water, human health, costly infrastructure, biodiversity, and critical ecosystem services.

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Making ‘chemical cocktails’ – Evolution of urban geochemical processes across the periodic table of elements

Cited by 73 publications

References 200 publications

Optimized suspect screening approach for a comprehensive assessment of the impact of best management practices in reducing micropollutants transport in the Potomac River watershed

Optimized suspect screening approach for a comprehensive assessment of the impact of best management practices in reducing micropollutants transport in the Potomac River watershed

Developing Sensor Proxies for “Chemical Cocktails” of Trace Metals in Urban Streams

Freshwater salinization syndrome: from emerging global problem to managing risks

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