Malaria Hyperendemicity and Risk for Artemisinin Resistance among Illegal Gold Miners, French Guiana

Santi, Vincent Pommier de; Djossou, Félix; Barthès, Nicolas; Bogreau, Hervé; Hyvert, Georges; Nguyen, Christophe; Legrand, Eric; Musset, Lise; Briolant, Sébastien

doi:10.3201/eid2205.151957

Cited by 39 publications

(50 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…Legal exploitation is more industrial. The proportion of these two mining statuses varies greatly from one country to the other (Table 1) [7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17].…”

Section: Gold Mines In the Amazon: Context And Health Impact Diseasesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…was 22%; the situation was heterogeneous depending on the mining site with prevalence figures ranging from 4% up to 48%. A large proportion were asymptomatic: from 49 to 84% [39,12].…”

Section: Specific Data From Epidemiological Studies In Gold Minersmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In Colombia, P. vivax represents 68% of malaria cases recorded nationally while P. falciparum is highly prevalent (46.7%) in the mining districts on the Pacific coast [5]. On the Guiana Shield, the incidence of P. falciparum has decreased in the general population to a minority level in Suriname as well as in French Guiana since 2005 [14,40] but remains predominant in gold miners, representing 58.5 to 70.7% of the identified cases [39,12]. At the border between French Guiana and Brazil, 40% of imported cases from French Guiana were due to P. falciparum [41].…”

Section: Parasitological Data: Plasmodium Species In Gold Minesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Malaria in Gold Miners in the Guianas and the Amazon: Current Knowledge and Challenges

et al. 2020

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Purpose of Review Following Paraguay and Argentina, several countries from the Amazon region aim to eliminate malaria. To achieve this, all key affected and vulnerable populations by malaria, including people working on gold mining sites, must be considered. What is the situation of malaria in these particular settings and what are the challenges? This literature review aims to compile knowledge to answer these questions. Recent FindingsThe contexts in which gold miners operate are very heterogeneous: size and localization of mines, links with crime, administrative status of the mines and of the miners, mobility of the workers or national regulations. The number of malaria cases has been correlated with deforestation (Brazil, Colombia), gold production (Colombia), gold prices (Guyana), or location of the mining region (Peru, Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana). The burden of malaria in gold mines differs between territories: significant in Guyana, French Guiana, or Venezuela; lower in Brazil. Although Plasmodium vivax causes 75% of malaria cases in the Americas, P. falciparum is predominant in several gold mining regions, especially in the Guiana Shield. Because of the remoteness from health facilities, self-medication with under-the-counter antimalarials is frequent. This constitutes a significant risk for the emergence of new P. falciparum parasites resistant to antimalarial drugs. Summary Because of the workers' mobility, addressing malaria transmission in gold mines is essential, not only for miners, but also to prevent the (re-)emergence of malaria. Strategies among these populations should be tailored to the context because of the heterogeneity of situations in different territories. The transnational environment favoring malaria transmission also requires transborder and regional cooperation, where innovative solutions should be considered and evaluated.

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“…Legal exploitation is more industrial. The proportion of these two mining statuses varies greatly from one country to the other (Table 1) [7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17].…”

Section: Gold Mines In the Amazon: Context And Health Impact Diseasesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…was 22%; the situation was heterogeneous depending on the mining site with prevalence figures ranging from 4% up to 48%. A large proportion were asymptomatic: from 49 to 84% [39,12].…”

Section: Specific Data From Epidemiological Studies In Gold Minersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Parasitological Data: Plasmodium Species In Gold Minesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Malaria in Gold Miners in the Guianas and the Amazon: Current Knowledge and Challenges

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“…Resistance to chloroquine, the main treatment used against vivax malaria [2], has been reported in the Brazilian Amazon Region [4, 17, 18, 20, 21, 32, 36, 37]. In French Guiana, the development of gold-mining activities and the consequent human migration between French Guiana and neighbouring countries, Brazil and Suriname [4, 38, 39], have raised fears that chloroquine-resistant P. vivax isolates may spread. It is therefore important to follow the circulation of resistant isolates.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Plasmodium vivax multidrug resistance-1 gene polymorphism in French Guiana

Faway

Musset

Volney

et al. 2016

Malar J

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Background Plasmodium vivax malaria is a major public health problem in French Guiana. Some cases of resistance to chloroquine, the first-line treatment used against P. vivax malaria, have been described in the Brazilian Amazon region. The aim of this study is to investigate a possible dispersion of chloroquine-resistant P. vivax isolates in French Guiana. The genotype, polymorphism and copy number variation, of the P. vivax multidrug resistance gene-1 (pvmdr1) have been previously associated with modification of the susceptibility to chloroquine.MethodsThe pvmdr1 gene polymorphism was evaluated by sequencing and copy number variation was assessed by real-time PCR, in P. vivax isolates obtained from 591 symptomatic patients from 1997 to 2013.ResultsThe results reveal that 1.0% [95% CI 0.4–2.2] of French Guiana isolates carry the mutations Y976F and F1076L, and that the proportion of isolates with multiple copies of pvmdr1 has significantly decreased over time, from 71.3% (OR = 6.2 [95% CI 62.9–78.7], p < 0.0001) in 1997–2004 to 12.8% (OR = 0.03 [95% CI 9.4–16.9], p < 0.0001) in 2009–2013. A statistically significant relationship was found between Guf-A (harboring the single mutation T958M) and Sal-1 (wild type) alleles and pvmdr1 copy number.ConclusionsFew P. vivax isolates harboring chloroquine-resistant mutations in the pvmdr1 gene are circulating in French Guiana. However, the decrease in the prevalence of isolates carrying multiple copies of pvmdr1 might indicate that the P. vivax population in French Guiana is evolving towards a decreased susceptibility to chloroquine.

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“…Since then, the occasional cases that have been recorded in coastal areas have usually been imported from high prevalence locations (Carme et al 2009). In particular, illegal gold miners are documented to travel regularly from endemic to malaria-free areas (Pommier de Santi et al 2016c), and are highly suspected of contributing to the regular influx of exogenous parasites to coastal cities. If competent vectors are still present in these coastal areas, this influx might result in the local transmission and reintroduction of malaria to coastal areas (Cohen et al 2012).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Anopheles fauna of coastal Cayenne, French Guiana: modelling and mapping of species presence using remotely sensed land cover data

Adde

Dusfour

Roux

et al. 2016

Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz

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Little is known about the Anopheles species of the coastal areas of French Guiana, or their spatiotemporal distribution or environmental determinants. The present study aimed to (1) document the distribution of Anopheles fauna in the coastal area around Cayenne, and (2) investigate the use of remotely sensed land cover data as proxies of Anopheles presence. To characterise the Anopheles fauna, we combined the findings of two entomological surveys that were conducted during the period 2007-2009 and in 2014 at 37 sites. Satellite imagery data were processed to extract land cover variables potentially related to Anopheles ecology. Based on these data, a methodology was formed to estimate a statistical predictive model of the spatial-seasonal variations in the presence of Anopheles in the Cayenne region. Two Anopheles species, known as main malaria vectors in South America, were identified, including the more dominant An. aquasalis near town and rural sites, and An. darlingi only found in inland sites. Furthermore, a cross-validated model of An. aquasalis presence that integrated marsh and forest surface area was extrapolated to generate predictive maps. The present study supports the use of satellite imagery by health authorities for the surveillance of malaria vectors and planning of control strategies.

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Malaria Hyperendemicity and Risk for Artemisinin Resistance among Illegal Gold Miners, French Guiana

Cited by 39 publications

References 14 publications

Malaria in Gold Miners in the Guianas and the Amazon: Current Knowledge and Challenges

Malaria in Gold Miners in the Guianas and the Amazon: Current Knowledge and Challenges

Plasmodium vivax multidrug resistance-1 gene polymorphism in French Guiana

Anopheles fauna of coastal Cayenne, French Guiana: modelling and mapping of species presence using remotely sensed land cover data

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