Malaria Parasite Development in the Mosquito and Infection of the Mammalian Host

Aly, A. S.; Vaughan, Ashley M.; Kappe, Stefan H. I.

doi:10.1146/annurev.micro.091208.073403

Cited by 262 publications

(240 citation statements)

References 171 publications

(252 reference statements)

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“…Subsequently, the ookinetes settle down at the basal site of the midgut epithelium and convert to sessile oocysts, in which sporogonic replication takes place. This replication phase requires roughly 2 weeks and results in the formation of infective sporozoites that migrate to the salivary glands to be released into the human dermis with the next bite of the mosquito, wherewith the life‐cycle of Plasmodium is completed (reviewed in Aly et al ., 2009; Ghosh and Jacobs‐Lorena, 2009; Kuehn and Pradel, 2010; Ménard et al ., 2013). …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The development of malaria parasites in the mosquito midgut

Bennink

Kiesow

Pradel

2016

Cellular Microbiology

168

155

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SummaryThe mosquito midgut stages of malaria parasites are crucial for establishing an infection in the insect vector and to thus ensure further spread of the pathogen. Parasite development in the midgut starts with the activation of the intraerythrocytic gametocytes immediately after take‐up and ends with traversal of the midgut epithelium by the invasive ookinetes less than 24 h later. During this time period, the plasmodia undergo two processes of stage conversion, from gametocytes to gametes and from zygotes to ookinetes, both accompanied by dramatic morphological changes. Further, gamete formation requires parasite egress from the enveloping erythrocytes, rendering them vulnerable to the aggressive factors of the insect gut, like components of the human blood meal. The mosquito midgut stages of malaria parasites are unprecedented objects to study a variety of cell biological aspects, including signal perception, cell conversion, parasite/host co‐adaptation and immune evasion. This review highlights recent insights into the molecules involved in gametocyte activation and gamete formation as well as in zygote‐to‐ookinete conversion and ookinete midgut exit; it further discusses factors that can harm the extracellular midgut stages as well as the measures of the parasites to protect themselves from any damage.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The development of malaria parasites in the mosquito midgut

Bennink

Kiesow

Pradel

2016

Cellular Microbiology

168

155

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“…When a female Anopheles sucks the blood of a malaria patient, the gametocytes enter along with blood, reaching the stomach and leading to formation of gametes (Aly et al, 2009). Only the gametocytes survive inside the stomach, while the other stages of the parasite, as well as the erythrocytes, are digested.…”

Section: Life Cycle In Mosquitomentioning

confidence: 99%

Insecticides as Strategic Weapons for Malaria Vector Control

Prato¹,

Khadjavi²,

Mandili³

et al. 2012

Insecticides - Advances in Integrated Pest Management

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“…5,6 The duration of the Plasmodium developmental stage in the mosquito can vary substantially, depending on the parasite species and environmental conditions. 7 The complexity of the life cycle is a major challenge to malaria control efforts. In the last 10 years, there has been renewed efforts to increase funding in order to achieve global malaria eradication.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Malaria: Control, Elimination, and Eradication

Ojurongbe

Akindele²,

Adedokun³

et al. 2016

Human Parasitic Diseases

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Control, elimination, and eradication of malaria is one of the world's greatest public health challenges, especially in Sub-Saharan Africa. While there has been an impressive gain in malaria control with decreased mortality rate over the years, eradication and elimination seem to be elusive in Sub-Saharan Africa. Control and elimination of malarial parasites was previously achieved in Europe and America using insecticides and manipulation of environmental and ecological characteristics. The emergence of drug-resistant parasites coupled with environments that support the breeding of mosquito vector and the need for caution with insecticides, such as dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane, has slowed down control efforts, making elimination and eradication an uphill task in Sub-Saharan Africa. The expectation of producing an effective vaccine has been on for .40 years, but the recent breakthrough announcement of a malaria vaccine showing some level of protection among infants and children 3-4 years post vaccination seems like an excellent starting point. The globally accepted strategy for the control of malaria rely on chemotherapy, but unfortunately the overreliance on chemotherapy without proper control of drug usage and diagnosis has encouraged the selection of drug-resistant parasites, significantly contributing to the problem. Therefore, the prospects of malaria eradication rest heavily on integrated approaches that would include chemotherapy, vector control, manipulation of environmental and ecological characteristics, and vaccination. This article reviews the current state of malaria control and elimination and the need for an multistrategic integrated approach in order to achieve malaria eradication if the challenges faced by elimination are addressed.

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Malaria Parasite Development in the Mosquito and Infection of the Mammalian Host

Cited by 262 publications

References 171 publications

The development of malaria parasites in the mosquito midgut

The development of malaria parasites in the mosquito midgut

Insecticides as Strategic Weapons for Malaria Vector Control

Malaria: Control, Elimination, and Eradication

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