Malaria Vaccine Development: Recent Advances alongside the Barriers

Nega, Desalegn; Alemu, Abebe; Tasew, Geremew

doi:10.4172/2155-9597.1000300

Cited by 4 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 57 publications

(88 reference statements)

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“…Several antigens derived from the three stages of parasite life cycle (i.e. pre-erythrocytic, erythrocytic and mosquito stages) have been tested for their ability to protect against malaria and block its transmission [ 8 , 9 , 62 ]. Some of the erythrocytic stage antigens, mostly of merozoite origin, have undergone phase I/II level trials [ 12 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Strain-transcending neutralization of malaria parasite by antibodies against Plasmodium falciparum enolase

Dutta

Tewari

Balaji

et al. 2018

Malar J

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BackgroundPlasmodium enolase is a target for the growth neutralizing antibodies. Interestingly, the three invasive stages i.e. sporozoites, merozoites, and ookinetes express this protein on their cell surface. Polyclonal anti-Plasmodium falciparum enolase (Pfeno) antibodies disrupt traversal of ookinete through mosquito mid-gut wall as well as have inhibitory effect on parasite growth at erythrocytic stage. In a recent study, it was observed that immunization with a unique epitope of parasite enolase (EWGWS) could confer partial protection against mouse malaria. Further validation is needed for the protective potential of this unique epitope in otherwise highly conserved enolase.MethodsIn order to investigate the efficacy of growth inhibitory potential of the epitope of P falciparum enolase, a monoclonal antibody specific to EWGWS is generated. In vitro parasite growth inhibition assays and passive immunization of Plasmodium yoelii (or Plasmodium berghei) infected mice were used to assess the parasite growth neutralizing activity of the antibody.ResultsScreening a panel of monoclonal antibodies raised against recombinant Pfeno that were specific to EWGWS resulted in isolation of H12E1. This antibody recognized only EWGWS epitope containing enolases. H12E1 strongly inhibited parasite growth in culture. This inhibition was strain transcending. Passive infusion of this antibody in P. yoelii or P. berghei infected mice showed significant reduction in parasitemia as compared to controls (p < 0.001). Surface Plasmon Resonance measurements indicated high affinity binding of H12E1 to P. falciparum enolase (KD ~ 7.6 × 10−9M).ConclusionsA monoclonal antibody directed against EWGWS epitope of Pfeno was shown to inhibit the growth of blood stage malarial parasites. This inhibition was species/strain transcending and is likely to arise due to blockade of enolase on the surface of merozoites, functionally implicating Pfeno in invasion related events. Presence of enolase on the cell surface of merozoites and ookinetes could potentially result in inhibition of host cell invasions at erythrocytic and transmission stages in the parasite life cycle. It is suggested that antibodies against EWGWS epitope have the potential to confer dual stage, species and strain transcending protection against malaria.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.1186/s12936-018-2455-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Strain-transcending neutralization of malaria parasite by antibodies against Plasmodium falciparum enolase

Dutta

Tewari

Balaji

et al. 2018

Malar J

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“… RTS, S is a genetically engineered vaccine where "RT" denotes C-terminal Africa, and is also approved by European Medicines Agency (EMA) in 2015 [269].  Presently under clinical evaluation in infants and children in Africa (Phase IV/NCT00866619).…”

Section: Rts S Malaria Vaccinementioning

confidence: 99%

Plasmodium falciparum Malaria Vaccines and Vaccine Adjuvants

et al. 2021

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Malaria—a parasite vector-borne disease—is a global health problem, and Plasmodium falciparum has proven to be the deadliest among Plasmodium spp., which causes malaria in humans. Symptoms of the disease range from mild fever and shivering to hemolytic anemia and neurological dysfunctions. The spread of drug resistance and the absence of effective vaccines has made malaria disease an ever-emerging problem. Although progress has been made in understanding the host response to the parasite, various aspects of its biology in its mammalian host are still unclear. In this context, there is a pressing demand for the development of effective preventive and therapeutic strategies, including new drugs and novel adjuvanted vaccines that elicit protective immunity. The present article provides an overview of the current knowledge of anti-malarial immunity against P. falciparum and different options of vaccine candidates in development. A special emphasis has been made on the mechanism of action of clinically used vaccine adjuvants.

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“…Other more recently known targets of curiosity include Pfs47 (implicated in parasite immune evasion in the mosquito vector) [155] and PfHAP2 which are expressed on the male gametocyte and microgamete [156]. Different vaccines with their formulation concerns, classified within the above-mentioned three vaccine categories and beyond the scope of this article, are discussed in detail elsewhere [132,157].…”

Section: Malaria Vaccinementioning

confidence: 99%

Old and Recent Advances in Life Cycle, Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, Prevention, and Treatment of Malaria Including Perspectives in Ethiopia

Nureye

Assefa

2020

The Scientific World Journal

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Malaria, caused by apicomplexan parasite, is an old disease and continues to be a major public health threat in many countries. This article aims to present different aspects of malaria including causes, pathogenesis, prevention, and treatment in an articulate and comprehensive manner. Six Plasmodium species are recognized as the etiology of human malaria, of which Plasmodium falciparum is popular in East and Southern Africa. Malaria is transmitted mainly through Anopheles gambiae and Anopheles funestus, the two most effective malaria vectors in the world. Half of the world’s population is at risk for malaria infection. Globally, the morbidity and mortality rates of malaria have become decreased even though few reports in Ethiopia showed high prevalence of malaria. The malaria parasite has a complex life cycle that takes place both inside the mosquito and human beings. Generally, diagnosis of malaria is classified into clinical and parasitological diagnoses. Lack of clear understanding on the overall biology of Plasmodium has created a challenge in an effort to develop new drugs, vaccines, and preventive methods against malaria. However, three types of vaccines and a lot of novel compounds are under perclinical and clinical studies that are triggered by the occurrence of resistance among commonly used drugs and insecticides. Antiadhesion adjunctive therapies are also under investigation in the laboratory. In addition to previously known targets for diagnostic tool, vaccine and drug discovery scientists from all corner of the world are in search of new targets and chemical entities.

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Malaria Vaccine Development: Recent Advances alongside the Barriers

Cited by 4 publications

References 57 publications

Strain-transcending neutralization of malaria parasite by antibodies against Plasmodium falciparum enolase

Strain-transcending neutralization of malaria parasite by antibodies against Plasmodium falciparum enolase

Plasmodium falciparum Malaria Vaccines and Vaccine Adjuvants

Old and Recent Advances in Life Cycle, Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, Prevention, and Treatment of Malaria Including Perspectives in Ethiopia

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