Malformations of the sacculus and the semicircular canals in spider morph pythons

Abstract

Spider morph ball pythons are a frequently-bred designer morph with striking alterations of the skin color pattern. We created high-resolution μCT-image series through the otic region of the skulls, used 3D-reconstruction software for rendering anatomical models, and compared the anatomy of the semicircular ducts, sacculus and ampullae of wildtype Python regius (ball python) with spider morph snakes. All spider morph snakes showed the wobble condition (i.e., twisting movements of the head, impaired locomotion, difficulty striking or constricting prey items). We describe the inner ear structures in wildtype and spider morph snakes and report a deviant morphology of semicircular canals, ampullae and sacculus in the latter. We also report about associated differences in the desmal skull bones of spider morph snakes, which were characterized by wider semicircular canals, ampullae widened and difficult to discern in μCT, a deformed crus communis, and a small sacculus with a highly deviant X-ray morphology as compared to wildtype individuals. We observed considerable intra- and interindividual variability of these features. This deviant morphology in spider morph snakes could easily be associated with an impairment of sense of equilibrium and the observed neurological wobble condition. Limitations in sample size prevent statistical analyses, but the anatomical evidence is strong enough to support an association between the wobble condition and a malformation of the inner ear structures. A link between artificially selected alterations in pattern and specific color design with neural-crest associated developmental malformations of the statoacoustic organ as known from other vertebrates is discussed.

GTP cyclohydrolase II(gch2) and axanthism in ball pythons: a new vertebrate model for pterin-based pigmentation

“…Indeed, GCH1 was discovered because of its association with phenylketonuria (Kaufman 1963). Axanthism in ball pythons is not associated with movement anomalies or neurological disorders (i.e., pleiotropy), unlike other colour morphs (e.g., Rose and Williams 2014;Starck et al 2022). Snakes, and perhaps reptiles in general, might have evolved compensatory mechanisms or alternative pathways that mitigate the neurological effects of gch1 mutations, knowledge of which may lead to better therapeutic treatments.…”