Malignancy-associated generalized perforating granuloma annulare

Generalized pruritic dark papules in a patient with T‐cell prolymphocytic leukemia – a clinicopathological challenge

“…The pathogenesis of GA is still not well understood. It has been reported that GA was associated with diabetes mellitus, autoimmune diseases, virus infection, and malignancies . Dabski and Winkelmann reported 14 patients with malignancies preceding or following the skin lesion in a series of 100 patients with GGA.…”

“…It was speculated that the immunologic reaction might be stimulated by tumor antigens. Tumor cells might induce the production of proinflammatory cytokines, which can activate fibroblasts, thus producing an inflammatory reaction that mediates the formation of granuloma …”

Generalized perforating granuloma annulare: a case report

“…Perforating granuloma annulare can occur in localized, disseminated and generalized forms. The generalized form, in particular, is rare, with only 24 reported cases [1,9,10]. The clinical appearance has been described as umbilicated papules of up to 10 mm with pustular appearance, annular lesions, and healing leaving a scar.…”

“…The clinical appearance has been described as umbilicated papules of up to 10 mm with pustular appearance, annular lesions, and healing leaving a scar. PGA may be associated with malignant diseases [1], diabetes mellitus [2] and HIV [3] and some cases have occurred within the dye of a tattoo [11]. Nevertheless, the etiology of PGA remains unclear.…”

“…Clinico-pathological correlation was consistent with a diagnosis of perforating granuloma annulare (PGA) with a pseudolymphomatous infiltrate. Underlying causes of PGA described in the literature, such as malignant disease [1], diabetes mellitus [2] and HIV [3], were ruled out. Both in GA and PGA, there is no clear recommendation on systemic treatment [4].…”