Malignant Catarrhal Fever and the Gammaherpesvirinae of Bovidae

Reid, H.W.; Buxton, D.

doi:10.1007/978-1-4613-1587-2_4

Cited by 28 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 77 publications

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“…The closely related bovine gammaherpesviruses AlHV-1 and OvHV-2, as well as a more distantly related primate gammaherpesvirus, herpesvirus saimiri, are classified as members of the genus Rhadinovirus. They are apathogenic in their natural hosts but cause serious lymphoproliferative diseases in other species (Reid & Buxton, 1989 ;Fleckenstein & Desrosiers, 1982). Accordingly, PLHV could be apathogenic in pigs but pathogenic in other species.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Detection of two novel porcine herpesviruses with high similarity to gammaherpesviruses.

Ehlers

Ulrich

Goltz

1999

Journal of General Virology

105

102

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Evidence for the existence of porcine gammaherpesviruses was obtained by PCR and sequence analysis. Initially, samples of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), spleens, lungs, kidneys and livers of pigs from Germany and Spain were tested with a PCR assay which targets conserved regions of the herpesvirus DNA polymerase gene with degenerate and deoxyinosine-substituted primers. Amplicons of identical sequence were obtained from one spleen and two PBMC samples. This sequence showed a high percentage of identity with the DNA polymerase genes of herpesviruses of the oncogenic subfamily Gammaherpesvirinae. Alignment of amino acid sequences showed the highest identity values with bovine gammaherpesviruses, namely alcelaphine herpesvirus type 1 (68 %), ovine herpesvirus type 2 (68 %) and bovine lymphotropic herpesvirus (67 %). Comparison with pseudorabies virus and porcine cytomegalovirus, which are the only porcine herpesvirus species presently known, showed values of only 41 %. PCR analysis of PBMC (n l 39) and spleen (n l 19) samples from German pigs, using primers specific for the novel sequence, revealed a prevalence of 87 and 95 %, respectively. In this analysis, three out of eight spleen samples from Spanish pigs were also positive. Subsequent sequencing of the amplicons revealed the presence of two closely related gammaherpesvirus sequences, differing from each other by 8 % at the amino acid level. The putative novel porcine herpesviruses, from which these sequences originated, were tentatively designated porcine lymphotropic herpesvirus type 1 and type 2 (PLHV-1 and PLHV-2). When using pig organs for xenotransplantation, the presence of these viruses has to be considered.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Detection of two novel porcine herpesviruses with high similarity to gammaherpesviruses.

Ehlers

Ulrich

Goltz

1999

Journal of General Virology

105

102

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“…Some of these ruminant viruses (alcelaphine herpesvirus 1 and OvHV-2) are associated with malignant catarrhal fever (MCF), a systemic, usually fatal, lymphoproliferative disorder of artiodactyla. MCF occurs after transmission to foreign hosts, while the natural hosts of these viruses are only latently infected (Heuschele, 1988;Reid & Buxton, 1989;Crawford et al, 1998;Albini et al, 2003).Based on this evidence, gammaherpesviruses are of major concern when pigs are used as organ donors for xenotransplantation. Nucleic acid-based (Ehlers et al, 1999b;Chmielewicz et al, 2003a) and 178 bp (excluding primer binding sites) were obtained, the length depending upon the herpesvirus species.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

Novel herpesviruses of Suidae: indicators for a second genogroup of artiodactyl gammaherpesviruses

Ehlers

Lowden

2004

Journal of General Virology

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Five novel herpesviruses were identified in suid species from Africa (common warthog, Phacochoerus africanus) and South-East Asia (bearded pig, Sus barbatus; babirusa, Babyrousa babyrussa) by detection and analysis of their DNA polymerase genes. Three of the novel species, P. africanus cytomegalovirus 1, P. africanus lymphotropic herpesvirus 1 (PafrLHV-1) and S. barbatus lymphotropic herpesvirus 1 (SbarLHV-1), were closely related to known beta-(porcine cytomegalovirus) and gammaherpesviruses [porcine lymphotropic herpesvirus (PLHV) 1 and 3] of domestic pigs. In contrast, two novel species, S. barbatus rhadinovirus 1 (SbarRHV-1) and Babyrousa babyrussa rhadinovirus 1 (BbabRHV-1), were more closely related to a ruminant gammaherpesvirus, bovine herpesvirus 4 (BoHV-4), than to the porcine gammaherpesviruses PLHV-1, -2, -3, PafrLHV-1 and SbarLHV-1. SbarRHV-1, BbabRHV-1 and BoHV-4 were therefore tentatively assigned to a novel genogroup of artiodactyl gammaherpesviruses. This latter genogroup may also contain an as yet undiscovered gammaherpesvirus of domestic pigs, thereby adding a concern to their use in xenotransplantation.Domestic pigs (Sus scrofa) have been proposed as organ donors for xenotransplantation. A significant potential hazard and safety issue in xenotransplant patients is the transmission of porcine viruses (Auchincloss & Sachs, 1998;O'Connell et al., 2000;Onions et al., 2000). Porcine herpesviruses are of particular concern since human herpesviruses, predominantly cytomegalovirus and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), are associated with severe disease in allotransplantation (Ferry & Harris, 1994;van Zanten et al., 1998). Furthermore, herpesviruses are often inapparent in their natural hosts, but result in severe disease after infection of foreign hosts. To illustrate, the B herpesvirus causes only a benign infection in rhesus monkeys but induces fatal encephalitis in humans (Eberle & Hilliard, 1995). Another example is ovine herpesvirus 2 (OvHV-2). This virus causes only a benign infection in sheep, yet results in a fatal malignant catarrhal fever in cattle and pigs (Albini et al., 2003). Consequently, considerable efforts are under way to produce experimental donor pigs free of a number of known swine microorganisms (Fishman, 1994;Tucker et al., 2002).We recently reported the discovery of three porcine gammaherpesviruses in S. scrofa. Due to their lymphotropism, they were named porcine lymphotropic herpesviruses 1, 2 and 3 (PLHV-1, -2, -3). PLHV-1 and -3 and PLHV-2 have been found to be highly prevalent in domestic and feral pig populations, respectively (Ehlers et al., 1999b;Ulrich et al., 1999;Chmielewicz et al., 2003a). Evidence for the pathogenic potential of PLHV-1 was obtained using a porcine model of haematopoietic stem cell transplantation. This virus induces a fatal lymphoproliferative disorder resembling human post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease (PTLD), which occurs predominantly after liver and bone marrow allotransplantation (Huang et al., 2001). While human PTLD is frequently associate...

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“…3,21 Although the greatest attention has been given to the wildebeest-and sheep-derived agents, MCF might be linked to gammaherpesviruses of other species belonging to the family Bovidae. 16 Viruses antigenically and genomically related to AHV-1 have been recovered from hartebeest and topi (alcelaphine herpesvirus 2 [AHV-2]) 13,22,24 and from a roan antelope (hippotragine herpesvirus 1 [HiHV-1]). 15 Because AHV-2 and HiHV-1 have each been shown to induce MCF in rabbits following experimental inoculation, 15 they may also induce MCF in ruminant species other than those from which they were originally isolated.…”

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Application of Polymerase Chain Reaction to Detect Animals Latently Infected with Agents of Malignant Catarrhal Fever

et al. 1994

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Abstract. Oligonucleotide primers derived from alcelaphine herpesvirus 1 (AHV-1) isolate WC11 DNA, the first identified agent of malignant catarrhal fever (MCF), were used to assay blood lymphocyte DNA using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Multiple species of exotic ruminants were examined to determine the suitability of this technique for detecting animals that may be latently infected. To correlate the PCR results with those of serology, serum samples were obtained from each animal concurrently with lymphocyte collection and subjected to an AHV-1 virus-neutralization assay (VNA). A total of 86 MCF-susceptible animals were tested, and the results of the VNA and PCR assays were compared. PCR results were positive for 44 animals. Of these, 13 were positive by VNA. Animals positive by both VNA and PCR were all wildebeest, the asymptomatic carriers of AHV-1, confirming the ability of the primers to amplify AHV-1 sequence. Positive PCR results from species other than wildebeest may represent sequence amplified from viruses related to AHV-1, which may not induce antibodies capable of neutralizing the WC11 isolate used in the VNA. This study demonstrates that PCR is capable of detecting the presence of MCF agents in various populations of captive ruminants prior to the appearance of clinical MCF so that the sources of infection can be more reliably ascertained.

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Malignant Catarrhal Fever and the Gammaherpesvirinae of Bovidae

Cited by 28 publications

References 77 publications

Detection of two novel porcine herpesviruses with high similarity to gammaherpesviruses.

Detection of two novel porcine herpesviruses with high similarity to gammaherpesviruses.

Novel herpesviruses of Suidae: indicators for a second genogroup of artiodactyl gammaherpesviruses

Application of Polymerase Chain Reaction to Detect Animals Latently Infected with Agents of Malignant Catarrhal Fever

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