Managing Community-based Tourism: A Stakeholder Approach in Bali, Indonesia

Abstract

This article discusses a model of communitybased tourism management: a stakeholder approach, which is developed based on tourism stakeholder theory of 'Threefolding' and Penta Helix. This is a qualitative research conducted in six CBT villages in five regencies in Bali, Indonesia. Data on CBT stakeholder participation is collected from four types of respondents, namely: CBT management, village authority, community-service provider, and community member. The results show that there is overlapped position of stakeholder elements especially the community and the government. It is discovered that the complex nature of CBT stakeholder structure is rooted from the use of public asset by the CBT. The roles of the stakeholder component are highly varied based on the extent of contribution provided by the respective stakeholder element. There are six elements of CBT stakeholder identified which include: community members, business-community members who provide component of CBT products, government, academics, media, and business partner. The six elements are classified into two types: internal and external stakeholder, and there is one stakeholder (government) that plays role in both external and internal. For ease of operation and legal purposes, it is suggested to place CBT under BUMDES (community business institution) owned by the village. It is expected that the results of the study could provide feedback for the CBT management and the elements of stakeholder to maximize the effectiveness of its function contributing to the success and the sustainability of CBT.

Community-Based Tourism (Cbt) Moving Forward: Penta Helix Development Strategy Through Community Local Wisdom Empowerment

“…They would consider the current situation in the area before deciding on the strategic formula to develop tourism, especially to encourage growth in the community's economy (Nurulwahida et al, 2020). The main contribution of academic research in supporting the development of CBT is to assist the community in developing an understanding of CBT, preparing various components of products, human resource development, marketing, and management of tourism products and services (Ernawati et al, 2019).…”

“…Specifically, media play a vital part in promoting the business, and it shares related and critical information to grow the business (Ikhtiagung & Radyanto, 2020). Media, either conventional -newspapers, magazines, television or online via internet platforms, plays a role in communicating and promoting tourism by providing a platform for the CBT and their markets to interact and contribute to CBT performance (Ernawati et al, 2019). The indicator of media support can be seen from the aspect of publicity that media does for startups and their products, the extent to which they get ideas, information regarding tourists' voices and choices, and other helpful information channelled via media (Nainggolan et al, 2020).…”

“…Researchers claimed active community participation could provide development benefits, especially for economic, socio-cultural, and environmental well-being (Nurulwahida et al, 2020). However, other researchers claimed that uncontrolled development would erode local cultural wisdom values if not preserved (Ernawati et al, 2019;Putra, 2019;Singh et al, 2021).…”

“…However, the tourism stakeholder's collaborative efforts in question are the role of Penta-Helix in supporting communitybased tourism (CBT) development (Diamantis, 2018). A study by Ernawati et al (2019) focusing on community-based tourism (CBT) found that the role of each stakeholder in managing CBT is divided into two, namely the internal and external stakeholders, based on the power, legitimacy, and urgency attributes. Apart from external stakeholders, numerous studies highlighted the importance of host community participation in affecting the external stakeholders' relationships (Giampiccoli & Saayman, 2018).…”

Impact of Entrepreneurial Orientation, Social Capital, and Technological Innovation on Competitiveness of MSMEs in Kintamani, Bali

“…Within Kintamani, Bali's particular setting, MSMEs are essential in determining the character of the local economy. This charming area, renowned for its abundance of natural beauty and cultural diversity, is home to a wide range of small companies that enhance the vitality of the local economy (Ernawati et al, 2019;Sumardi et al, 2019). Like MSMEs elsewhere, Kintamani businesses must contend with a variety of issues that could jeopardize their ability to compete and achieve long-term growth.…”