“…These authors, describing different stages and processes appear to have different views on the components of ER lifecycle which suggests that ER life cycle varies from library to library. Smith (2016) enumerated the workflow of ERs as consisting of trial, acquisition, activation, maintenance and troubleshooting, renewal, and cancellation. According to Mackinder (2014, p.159), workflow is "a set of overarching directives that allow staff to manage a process, which includes investigating, ordering, licensing, activating, deactivating, or troubleshooting an electronic resource".…”