Managing the e-waste crisis in Africa: A mini-review of policies, practices, technologies and business model innovations

Abstract

This article aims to undertake a mini-review of the current state of electronic waste (e-waste) challenges on the African continent through a systematic analysis of existing national policies and legal frameworks, inventorying established management practices, and identification of innovative technological solutions. A literature review was conducted synthesizing evidence from over 80 peer-reviewed publications between 2010 and 2022. Content analysis of e-waste laws from 20 African countries supplemented the review of documented collection, recycling and export-related activities across the region alongside associated obstacles. Key findings indicate that while several African countries have enacted initial e-waste regulations, significant gaps persist around implementation and enforcement capabilities. Formal recycling remains minimal due to underdeveloped infrastructure, and the majority of e-scrap continues to be crudely processed informally resulting to health and environmental risks. Monitoring of transboundary trade and treatment standards also requires strengthening to curb the flow of undocumented shipments. Several technological start-ups and social enterprises are piloting novel approaches but require further testing and scale-up support. Based on these insights, the study recommends a harmonized policy framework and monitoring systems established through regional coordination. Recommendations also propose strategies to incentivize reducing consumption and promote eco-industrial parks for integrated recycling.