Mandating Diversity on the Board of Directors: Do Investors Feel That Gender Quotas Result in Tokenism or Added Value for Firms?

Rixom, Jessica; Jackson, Mark J.; Rixom, Brett A.

doi:10.1007/s10551-021-05030-9

Cited by 31 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…This may be referred to as a form of tokenism that places few women in positions of power that create a symbolic effect of sex diversity despite notable sex disparities. 34 Consequently, women seem to be working within a stereotyped role as facilitators but remain limited in roles that showcase other important skills such as scientific knowledge and technical. To avoid the perpetuation of the leaky pipeline within orthopaedic surgery, there is a strong need to highlight and support women as leaders at all levels, particularly at national conferences where visibility is important.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Representation of Female Speakers at the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons Annual Meetings Over Time

Nwosu

Wittstein

Erickson

et al. 2023

J Am Acad Orthop Surg

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Background:In the United States, women comprise 16% of orthopaedic surgery residents, 4% of fellows, and 6% of practicing orthopaedic surgeons. The underrepresentation of women in surgical subspecialties may be because of lack of early exposure to female mentors. Conference speaker roles are important for visibility. This study aims to evaluate the representation of women in speaker roles and responsibilities at the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS) meetings over time.Methods:The names of speakers and session titles at the annual AAOS meetings were obtained from conference programs for the years 2009, 2014, and 2019. Each speaker was classified based on sex and role. Sessions discussing scientific or surgical topics were classified as technical and those that did not were classified as nontechnical. Descriptive statistics are provided, as well as individual-year odds ratios (ORs) and confidence intervals (CIs) examining sex versus technical session status and sex versus speaker role; combined results controlling for year are calculated using the Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel method.Results:Overall, 3,980 speaking sessions were analyzed; 6.8% of speaking sessions were assigned to women. Women were more likely than men to participate in nontechnical speaking roles (OR 3.85; 95% CI, 2.79 to 4.78). Among talks given by women, the percentage that were nontechnical increased (25.5% in 2009, 24.3% in 2014, and 44.1% in 2019). Among moderator roles, the percentage assigned to women increased (4.5% in 2009, 6.0% in 2014, 14.5% in 2019).Discussion:Our findings demonstrate an increase in female speakers at AAOS meetings from 2009 to 2019. The percentage of female moderators and nontechnical sessions given by women increased since 2009. A need for a shift in the distribution of speaker role exists, which promotes inclusivity and prevents professional marginalization. Representation of women as role models increases visibility and may address the leaky pipeline phenomenon and paucity of women in orthopaedics.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Representation of Female Speakers at the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons Annual Meetings Over Time

Nwosu

Wittstein

Erickson

et al. 2023

J Am Acad Orthop Surg

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“…Contextually, the gender diverse board is considered an effective board due to independent and tough monitoring by the female directors (Jouber, 2022). From agency theory's perspective, the females' presence on the board increases the discussion and exchange of ideas among the board members (Rixom et al, 2023), and their inclusion in the top management team reduces systematic biases and extend social networks (Bass, 2019). Moreover, their higher presence on boards is associated with lower agency cost (Rossi et al, 2018).…”

Section: Moderating Role Of Gender Diversitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Lone founders, family owners and borrowing cost: Are female directors influential?

Amin

Rehman

Ali

2023

IJM

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PurposeThis study examines the effect of lone founder and family ownership on borrowing cost. In addition, the study examines the moderating influence of gender diversity on this relationship.Design/methodology/approachThe study used a sample of non-financial firms listed on Pakistan Stock Exchange over the period 2012–2021. The authors used ordinary least squares regression analysis method to test the hypotheses along with generalized method of moments estimation technique to control for unobserved heterogeneity, simultaneity and dynamic endogeneity.FindingsThe authors report that borrowing cost is higher in lone founder ownership, whereas borrowing cost is lower in family firms due to lesser risks attached to such firms by lenders. Further, the presence of female directors on the board weakens this relation in the case of lone founder ownership, whereas their presence further reduces borrowing cost in family-owned firms. Additionally, using the framework of critical mass theory, the authors found that higher number of female directors on boards reduces borrowing cost. Overall, this study’s results provide empirical support for social identity and critical mass theories in the sample firms.Originality/valueThe study provides novel evidence of the influence of lone founder and family ownership on borrowing cost in an emerging economy, as well as the moderating effects of gender diversity on this relationship.

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“…Negative views are strengthened when their token status is made IJCHM 35,11 salient (Richard and Wright, 2010). Also, perceiving token representatives in executive leadership lowers investment amounts (Rixom et al, 2022).…”

Section: Theoretical Background 21 Lgbtqþ Employees At Workplacementioning

confidence: 99%

Tokenism in the workplace: does brand activism benefit LGBTQ+ employees in the hospitality industry?

Bogicevic,

Li,

Salvato

2023

IJCHM

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Purpose Hospitality firms adopted diverse hiring policies and public declarations of support for LGBTQ+ causes through brand activism. The impact of activism on LGBTQ+ employees’ workplace experiences has been ambiguous. This study aims to examine the hospitality and tourism employees’ perceptions of gay and lesbian leaders as token-hires among hospitality employees and the spillover effect on company’s motives for hiring the leaders. This study further explores LGBTQ+ employees’ reactions to token-hiring as a form of activism, and how workplace interactions as passing/revealing LGBTQ+ individuals shaped their career development. Design/methodology/approach This research adopted a sequential mixed-methods design. An experiment examines how employees judge gay vs lesbian hospitality leaders as token hires, contingent on their own gender identity. It further tests the conditional mediation of tokenism on company’s egoistic motives for activism. A qualitative study explores the reactions to token-hiring as activism from the perspective of LGBTQ+ leaders who reflect on their own careers and workplace experiences. Findings Tokenism in the hospitality workplace is recognized as the phenomenon attributed to groups at the intersection of identities (e.g. gay men). Findings demonstrate the spillover effect of tokenism perceptions of gay male leaders by other men on company’s egoistic motives for activism. This effect is not observed for a lesbian female leader. Results from interviews suggest that hospitality and tourism LGBTQ+ employees predominantly take the post-gay vs political approach when managing their sexual identities at work and feel ambivalent toward token-hiring as LGBTQ+ brand activism. Originality/value This research contributes to understanding workplace challenges of LGBTQ+ employees and how they are perceived by others contingent on gender identity. It also explores the role of tokenism in their experiences.

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Mandating Diversity on the Board of Directors: Do Investors Feel That Gender Quotas Result in Tokenism or Added Value for Firms?

Cited by 31 publications

References 45 publications

Representation of Female Speakers at the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons Annual Meetings Over Time

Representation of Female Speakers at the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons Annual Meetings Over Time

Lone founders, family owners and borrowing cost: Are female directors influential?

Tokenism in the workplace: does brand activism benefit LGBTQ+ employees in the hospitality industry?

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