Mangrove stilt root morphology modeling for estimating hydraulic drag in tsunami inundation simulation

Ohira, Wataru; Honda, Kiyoshi; Nagai, Masahiko; Ratanasuwan, Anuchit

doi:10.1007/s00468-012-0782-8

Cited by 56 publications

(50 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…1d,e) help to anchor the plant in place and collect water-borne silt and debris to build soil beneath it. Furthermore, based on the biomechanical adaptations of the rhizophore system (prop roots/flying buttresses from trunk) in R. mangle, it is proven that they can act as a defensive hindrance against storm surges and is higher than that of other mangrove species (Bayas et al 2011;Ohira et al 2013;Mendez-Alonzo et al 2015).…”

Section: Specialized Root For Physical Stabilitymentioning

confidence: 98%

Mangrove root: adaptations and ecological importance

Srikanth

Lum

Chen

2015

Trees

168

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Key message This review gives a comprehensive overview of adaptations of mangrove root system to the adverse environmental conditions and summarizes the ecological importance of mangrove root to the ecosystem. Abstract In plants, the first line of defense against abiotic stress is in their roots. If the soil surrounding the plant root is healthy and biologically diverse, the plant will have a higher chance to survive in stressful conditions. Different plant species have unique adaptations when exposed to a variety of abiotic stress conditions. None of the responses are identical, even though plants have become adapted to the exact same environment. Mangrove plants have developed complex morphological, anatomical, physiological, and molecular adaptations allowing survival and success in their high-stress habitat. This review briefly depicts adaptive strategies of mangrove roots with respect to anatomy, physiology, biochemistry and also the major advances recently made at the genetic and genomic levels. Results drawn from the different studies on mangrove roots have further indicated that specific patterns of gene expression might contribute to adaptive evolution of mangroves under high salinity. We also review crucial ecological contributions provided by mangrove root communities to the ecosystem including marine fauna.

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Section: Specialized Root For Physical Stabilitymentioning

confidence: 98%

Mangrove root: adaptations and ecological importance

Srikanth

Lum

Chen

2015

Trees

168

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“…Mangrove forests exist in intertidal areas of tropical zones and most are characterized by a complex root system, which attenuates flow energy (Mazda et al, ). Among the mangrove species, Rhizophora represents approximately 90% of the world mangrove distribution (Ohira et al, ), and this species is used in the majority of restoration projects. Rhizophora plants are characterized by their prop roots, which form a network above the substrate.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Velocity and Drag Evolution From the Leading Edge of a Model Mangrove Forest

et al. 2017

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An experimental study of unidirectional flow through a model mangrove forest measured both velocity and forces on individual trees. The individual trees were 1/12th scale models of mature Rhizophora, including 24 prop roots distributed in a three‐dimensional layout. Thirty‐two model trees were distributed in a staggered array producing a 2.5 m long forest. The velocity evolved from a boundary layer profile at the forest leading edge to a vertical profile determined by the vertical distribution of frontal area, with significantly higher velocity above the prop roots. Fully developed conditions were reached at the fifth tree row from the leading edge. Within the root zone the velocity was reduced by up to 50% and the TKE was increased by as much as fivefold, relative to the upstream conditions. TKE in the root zone was mainly produced by root and trunk wakes, and it agreed in magnitude with the estimation obtained using the Tanino and Nepf (2008) formulation. Maximum TKE occurred at the top of the roots, where a strong shear region was associated with the change in frontal area. The drag measured on individual trees decreased from the leading edge and reached a constant value at the fifth row and beyond, i.e., in the fully developed region. The drag exhibited a quadratic dependence on velocity, which justified the definition of a quadratic drag coefficient. Once the correct drag length‐scale was defined, the measured drag coefficients collapsed to a single function of Reynolds number.

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“…Our modeling results show that these three newly-included effects can play important roles in wave propagation over vegetation fields, especially when the vegetation density (i.e., ϕ) is high. Horizontal vegetation cylinders are relevant in cases with dense, complex mangrove roots (Ohira et al, 2013;Kamal et al, 2014) and permeable groins constructed from horizontal brushwood (Lucas, 2017) (Fig. 1).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For simplicity, the tested vegetation cylinders were either vertical or horizontal. However, in nature, mangroves are composed of both vertical and horizontal roots with complex patterns (Ohira et al, 2013;Kamal et al, 2014). For a better schematization of natural vegetation structures in numerical models, new image-processing techniques can automatically determine forest architecture (Kamal et al, 2014), which is worthy of future exploration.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Reviewing the previous work listed in Table 1, it becomes clear that drag force induced by horizontal vegetation stems/roots, inertia force, and porosity are often neglected in numerical models. Existing models often only consider vegetation structures as vertical cylinders, but natural vegetation systems such as mangroves have complex root systems composed of both vertical and horizontal roots (Ohira et al, 2013;Kamal et al, 2014) (Fig. 1a and b).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Non-hydrostatic modeling of drag, inertia and porous effects in wave propagation over dense vegetation fields

Suzuki

Kumada

et al. 2019

Coastal Engineering

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A new wave-vegetation model is implemented in an open-source code, SWASH (Simulating WAves till SHore). The governing equations are the nonlinear shallow water equations, including non-hydrostatic pressure. Besides the commonly considered drag force induced by vertical vegetation cylinders, drag force induced by horizontal vegetation cylinders in complex mangrove root systems, as well as porosity and inertia effects, are included in the vegetation model, providing a logical supplement to the existing models. The vegetation model is tested against lab measurements and existing models. Good model performance is found in simulating wave height distribution and maximum water level in vegetation fields. The relevance of including the additional effects is demonstrated by illustrative model runs. We show that the difference between vertical and horizontal vegetation cylinders in wave dissipation is larger when exposed to shorter waves, because in these wave conditions the vertical component of orbital velocity is more prominent. Both porosity and inertia effects are more pronounced with higher vegetation density. Porosity effects can cause wave reflection and lead to reduced wave height in and behind vegetation fields, while inertia force leads to negative energy dissipation that reduces the wavedamping capacity of vegetation. Overall, the inclusion of both effects leads to greater wave reduction compared to common modeling practice that ignores these effects, but the maximum water level is increased due to porosity. With good model performance and extended functions, the new vegetation model in SWASH code is a solid advancement toward refined simulation of wave propagation over vegetation fields.

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Mangrove stilt root morphology modeling for estimating hydraulic drag in tsunami inundation simulation

Cited by 56 publications

References 12 publications

Mangrove root: adaptations and ecological importance

Mangrove root: adaptations and ecological importance

Velocity and Drag Evolution From the Leading Edge of a Model Mangrove Forest

Non-hydrostatic modeling of drag, inertia and porous effects in wave propagation over dense vegetation fields

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