Manipulating Protein Degradability in the Rumen to Support Higher Ruminant Production

Abstract

Dietary protein is digested to a certain extent in the rumen causing decreases its potency as source of amino acids for the animal. Dietary protein should mostly reach the intestines where the protein digestion takes place and absorption occurs in the form of intact amino acids and subsequently becomes nutrient deposition in muscles or milk. The higher muscle or milk protein synthesis, the higher the protein in the products of animal, as long as energy for the metabolism is available. Strategies of feeding rumen degradable versus undegradable protein in ruminant have become a research interest for decades. Technologies of dietary protein protection to reduce its degradability in the rumen by heating, chelating or coating have been developed. Key words:Protein, degradability, protection, rumen ABSTRAK Manipulasi Degradabilitas Protein di Dalam Rumen untuk Meningkatkan Produksi Ternak RuminansiaBerhubung sebagian dari protein di dalam pakan akan dicerna di rumen, maka pakan tersebut akan kehilangan fungsinya sebagai sumber asam amino bagi ternak. Protein pakan sebaiknya sebagian besar tidak didegradasi di dalam rumen sehingga terbawa sampai ke usus dimana akan terjadi proses hidrolisis dan penyerapan asam amino yang selanjutnya akan digunakan dalam deposisi nutrien di dalam jaringan tubuh ternak. Dengan adanya deposisi protein, produk ternak akan mengandung protein lebih tinggi dengan syarat energi untuk metabolisme tersedia. Strategi pemberian pakan mengandung protein terdegradasi versus protein tidak terdegradasi di dalam rumen ternak ruminansia sudah lama menjadi perhatian penelitian. Teknologi proteksi protein bahan pakan untuk menurunkan angka degradabilitasnya di dalam rumen melalui pemanasan, khelasi atau pelapisan telah dikembangkan.

In vitro evaluation of ruminant feed from West Sumatera based on chemical composition and content of rumen degradable and rumen undegradable proteins

“…Protein levels of legume plants were higher than those of grasses and concentrate [3,10,11]. Feed protein is needed for microbial protein synthesis and for fulfilling the protein requirements of the host animals.…”

“…RDP is a protein fraction that is degraded in the rumen by rumen microbes for microbial protein synthesis. RDP is rapidly deaminated by the proteolytic enzymes of rumen microbes to produce ammonia and carbon [2,3]. Synchronizing proteins with feed energy maximizes both the use of nutrients by ruminants and microbial protein synthesis [4].…”

“…Synchronizing proteins with feed energy maximizes both the use of nutrients by ruminants and microbial protein synthesis [4]. Microbial proteins are used by livestock as a source of amino acids after they are hydrolyzed in the intestine [2,3]. On the other hand, RUP is a protein fraction that is not degraded in the rumen.…”

Effects of rations containing formaldehyde-protected soybean meal on meat production in Kacang goats

“…Many efforts to protect feed from degradation in the rumen have been attempted [6]. Formaldehyde is a chemical used in animal nutrition, is environmentally safe, [7] and can lower protein degradation in the rumen [8].…”

Use of Heating Methods and Xylose to Increase Rumen Undegradable Protein of Alternative Protein Sources: 1) Peanut Meal

“…Heat processing methods can form stable polymers among carbohydrates and proteins that escape ruminal degradation [11,12]. These polymers, in general, are resistant to enzymatic attacks from ruminal microorganisms [37,38]. This type of processing especially alters fraction A, which reduces the availability of this fraction for microbial degradation in the rumen and the extent of ruminal fermentation [39,40].…”