Manual‐slide‐engaged paper chip for parallel SERS‐immunoassay measurement of clenbuterol from swine hair

Abstract

Clenbuterol (CL), as a feed additive, has been banned in many countries due to its potential threat to human health. In detection of CL, a fast, low-cost technique with high accuracy and specificity would be ideal for its administrative on-field inspections. Among the attempts to pursue a reliable detection tool of CL, a technique that combines surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) and immunoassay, is close to meet the requirements as above. However, multiple steps of interactions between CL analyte, antibody, and antigen are involved in this method, and under conventional setup, the operation of SERS/immunoassay were unwieldy. In this paper, to facilitate a more manageable sample manipulation for SERS-immunoassay measurement, a 3D paper chip was suggested. A switch-on-chip multilayered (abbreviated as SoCM-) microfluidic paper-based analysis device (μPad) was fabricated to provide operators with manual switches on the interactions between different microfluids. Besides, on a detection slip we made on the main body of our SoCM-μPad, antigen was anchored in pattern. With this architecture, multistep interactions between the CL analyte in swine hair extract and the SERS probe-modified antibody and antigen, were managed for on-chip SERS-immunoassay detection. This would be very attractive for fast, cheap, accurate, and on-site specific detection of CL from real samples.

Paper-Based Microfluidic Devices: Emerging Themes and Applications

“…The resultant SERS signal was highly sensitive and could detect pico- to femtomolar protein levels. In order to facilitate a more manageable sample manipulation for SERS-immunoassay measurement, a switch-on-chip multilayered μPAD was fabricated to provide operators with manual switches on the interactions between different fluids for the detection of clenbuterol (a banned feed additive in many countries) from swine hairs …”

“…In order to facilitate a more manageable sample manipulation for SERS-immunoassay measurement, a switch-on-chip multilayered μPAD was fabricated to provide operators with manual switches on the interactions between different fluids for the detection of clenbuterol (a banned feed additive in many countries) from swine hairs. 189 Separation. While μPADs have traditionally been used for assays, there has been a recent effort to adapt separation methods based on decades old paper chromatography and electrophoresis methods 190−192 where μPADs can add new functionality.…”

Selectivity/Specificity Improvement Strategies in Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy Analysis

“…Antigen was directly anchored in pattern on the paper chip, as shown in Figure 14 . Unwieldy multistep operations in traditional immunoassay were simplified, which make this kind of paper chip very attractive for fast, cheap, accurate and on-site specific detection of clenbuterol from real samples [ 139 ].…”

“… ( a ) The photograph of the switch-on-chip and ( b ) the enlarged view of the inlet and the pretreatment zone [ 139 ]. …”

Handheld Inkjet Printing Paper Chip Based Smart Tetracycline Detector

“…ELISA is widely used in tetracycline detection due to its high specificity and sensitivity; however, it is often time-consuming and expensive, and it still relies on huge and expensive equipment such as a microplate reader, therefore limiting its potential applications in rapid on-site screening for a large number of samples [18]. In order to reduce costs, paper chip based ELISA testing was proposed since it not only maintains the advantages of traditional ELISA such as high specificity and sensitivity, but also obviously reduces the detection cost [19,20,21,22]. Moreover, paper chip based ELISA even avoids the expensive equipment reliance, since the detecting results can be simply determined using the naked eye.…”