MAP kinase cascades in plant development and immune signaling

Sun, Tongjun; Zhang, Yuelin

doi:10.15252/embr.202153817

Cited by 71 publications

(59 citation statements)

References 188 publications

(191 reference statements)

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“…Altogether, 70 peptide targets were phosphorylated by ILK1 and ILK1 D319N including transporters, protein kinases, enzymes involved in metabolite biosynthesis, and scaffold proteins (Supplementary Figure 1B). Notable potential targets included the HAK5 transporter which was confirmed as an ILK1-interacting protein previously, MEKK1, which promotes basal defense downstream of PRRs and MEKK7, which interacts with the FLS2 PRR to suppress flg22-induced immune responses (Brauer et al, 2016, Sun and Zhang, 2022; Mithoe et al, 2016).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Most of the interactors localize to the nucleus or the cytosol, and are involved in metabolite conversion, protein modification, or transcriptional regulation (Supplementary Figure 1, Supplemental Data 2). Interactors within the MAPK family included the MEKK3 that promotes MTI and signal transduction downstream of PRR activation (Sun and Zhang, 2022). We also identified MEKK19, and MPK19 as potential interactors, though the function of these kinases is unknown.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Back from the dead: the atypical kinase activity of a pseudokinase regulator of cation fluxes during inducible immunity

Brauer

Ahsan

Popescu

et al. 2022

Preprint

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While most pseudokinases lack phosphotransfer activity due to altered catalytic residues within their kinase domain, a subset of pseudokinases maintain kinase activity through atypical mechanisms. The Arabidopsis ILK1 is a pseudokinase from the Raf-like MAP3K family and is the only known plant pseudokinase with confirmed kinase activity. ILK1 activity promotes microbial pattern-induced root growth inhibition through its stabilization of the HAK5 potassium transporter with the calmodulin-like protein CML9. ILK1 also has a kinase-independent function in salt stress suggesting that it interacts with additional proteins. We determined that members of the ILK subfamily are the sole pseudokinases within the Raf-like MAP3K family and identified 179 novel putative ILK1 protein interactors. We also identified 70 novel peptide targets for ILK1, the majority of which were phosphorylated in the presence of Mn2+ instead of Mg2+ in line with modifications in ILK1’s DFG cofactor binding domain. Overall, the ILK1-targeted or interacting proteins included diverse protein types including transporters (HAK5, STP1), protein kinases (MEKK1, MEKK3), and a cytokinin receptor (AHK2). The expression of 31 genes encoding putative ILK1-interacting or phosphorylated proteins, including AHK2, were altered in the root and shoot in response to molecular patterns suggesting a role for these genes in immunity. We describe a potential role for ILK1 interactors in the context of cation-dependent immune signaling responses, highlighting the importance of K+ in MAMP responses. This work further supports the notion that ILK1 is an atypical kinase with an unusual cofactor dependence that may interact with multiple proteins in the cell.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Back from the dead: the atypical kinase activity of a pseudokinase regulator of cation fluxes during inducible immunity

Brauer

Ahsan

Popescu

et al. 2022

Preprint

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“…No homozygous double or triple mutant plants can be recovered from the progenies of mapkkk5 yda/+ or mapkkk3 mapkkk5 yda/+ plants YDA functions upstream of MKK4/MKK5-MPK3/MPK6 to form a complete MAPK cascade in regulating a variety of plant growth and developmental processes, including embryogenesis, stomatal differentiation, and root development (reviewed in Xu and Zhang, 2015;Sun and Zhang, 2022;Zhang and Zhang, 2022). Homozygous yda knockout (SALK_105078) seedlings are severely dwarfed and cannot survive in soil or set seeds (Lukowitz et al, 2004;Wang et al, 2007).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Overlapping functions of YDA and MAPKKK3/MAPKKK5 upstream of MPK3/MPK6 in plant immunity and growth/development

Liu

Leary

Saffaf

et al. 2022

JIPB

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Arabidopsis MITOGEN‐ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE3 (MAPK3 or MPK3) and MPK6 play important signaling roles in plant immunity and growth/development. MAPK KINASE4 (MKK4) and MKK5 function redundantly upstream of MPK3 and MPK6 in these processes. YODA (YDA), also known as MAPK KINASE KINASE4 (MAPKKK4), is upstream of MKK4/MKK5 and forms a complete MAPK cascade (YDA–MKK4/MKK5–MPK3/MPK6) in regulating plant growth and development. In plant immunity, MAPKKK3 and MAPKKK5 function redundantly upstream of the same MKK4/MKK5–MPK3/MPK6 module. However, the residual activation of MPK3/MPK6 in the mapkkk3 mapkkk5 double mutant in response to flg22 pathogen‐associated molecular pattern (PAMP) treatment suggests the presence of additional MAPKKK(s) in this MAPK cascade in signaling plant immunity. To investigate whether YDA is also involved in plant immunity, we attempted to generate mapkkk3 mapkkk5 yda triple mutants. However, it was not possible to recover one of the double mutant combinations (mapkkk5 yda) or the triple mutant (mapkkk3 mapkkk5 yda) due to a failure of embryogenesis. Using the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) – CRISPR‐associated protein 9 (Cas9) approach, we generated weak, N‐terminal deletion alleles of YDA, yda‐del, in a mapkkk3 mapkkk5 background. PAMP‐triggered MPK3/MPK6 activation was further reduced in the mapkkk3 mapkkk5 yda‐del mutant, and the triple mutant was more susceptible to pathogen infection, suggesting YDA also plays an important role in plant immune signaling. In addition, MAPKKK5 and, to a lesser extent, MAPKKK3 were found to contribute to gamete function and embryogenesis, together with YDA. While the double homozygous mapkkk3 yda mutant showed the same growth and development defects as the yda single mutant, mapkkk5 yda double mutant and mapkkk3 mapkkk5 yda triple mutants were embryo lethal, similar to the mpk3 mpk6 double mutants. These results demonstrate that YDA, MAPKKK3, and MAPKKK5 have overlapping functions upstream of the MKK4/MKK5–MPK3/MPK6 module in both plant immunity and growth/development.

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“…As many MAPK cascades are genetically located downstream of RLKs [ 9 , 10 , 113 ], the activation of MAPKKKs appear to associate tightly with RLKs in most cases. Some MAPKKKs in the MAPK cascade can be directly phosphorylated and activated by RLKs to activate downstream MAPK members.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…MAPK cascades have been reported to be involved in various biological processes in plants, as well as reviewed previously and very recently [ 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 ]. Substantial efforts over recent decades have enabled the functional identification of lots of MAPK members and many complete MAPK cascades in regulation of plant development and responses to environmental stimuli.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Regulatory Mechanisms of Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Cascades in Plants: More than Sequential Phosphorylation

Gao

Wang

et al. 2022

IJMS

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Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades play crucial roles in almost all biological processes in plants. They transduce extracellular cues into cells, typically through linear and sequential phosphorylation and activation of members of the signaling cascades. However, accumulating data suggest various regulatory mechanisms of plant MAPK cascades in addition to the traditional phosphorylation pathway, in concert with their large numbers and coordinated roles in plant responses to complex ectocytic signals. Here, we highlight recent studies that describe the uncanonical mechanism of regulation of MAPK cascades, regarding the activation of each tier of the signaling cascades. More particularly, we discuss the unusual role for MAPK kinase kinases (MAPKKKs) in the regulation of MAPK cascades, as accumulating data suggest the non-MAPKKK function of many MAPKKKs. In addition, future work on the biochemical activation of MAPK members that needs attention will be discussed.

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MAP kinase cascades in plant development and immune signaling

Cited by 71 publications

References 188 publications

Back from the dead: the atypical kinase activity of a pseudokinase regulator of cation fluxes during inducible immunity

Back from the dead: the atypical kinase activity of a pseudokinase regulator of cation fluxes during inducible immunity

Overlapping functions of YDA and MAPKKK3/MAPKKK5 upstream of MPK3/MPK6 in plant immunity and growth/development

Regulatory Mechanisms of Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Cascades in Plants: More than Sequential Phosphorylation

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