Mapping DNA Methylation to Cardiac Pathologies Induced by Beta-Adrenergic Stimulation in a Large Panel of Mice

Abstract

Background: Heart failure (HF) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, with over 18 million deaths annually. Despite extensive research, genetic and environmental factors contributing to HF remain complex and poorly understood. Recent studies suggest that epigenetic modifications, such as DNA methylation, may play a crucial role in regulating HF-associated phenotypes. In this study, we leverage the Hybrid Mouse Diversity Panel (HMDP), a cohort of over 100 inbred mouse strains, to investigate the role of DNA methylation in HF progression. Objective: We aim to identify epigenetic modifications associated with HF by integrating DNA methylation data with gene expression and phenotypic traits. Using isoproterenol (ISO)-induced cardiac hypertrophy and failure in HMDP mice, we explore the relationship between methylation patterns and HF susceptibility. Methods: We performed reduced representational bisulfite sequencing (RRBS) to capture DNA methylation at single-nucleotide resolution in the left ventricles of 90 HMDP mouse strains under both control and ISO-treated conditions. We identified differentially methylated regions (DMRs) and performed an epigenome-wide association study (EWAS) using the MACAU algorithm. We identified likely candidate genes within each locus through integration of our results with previously reported sequence variation, gene expression, and HF-related phenotypes. In vitro approaches were employed to validate key findings, including gene knockdown experiments in neonatal rat ventricular myocytes (NRVMs). We also examined the effects of preventing DNA methyltransferase activity on HF progression. Results: Our EWAS identified 56 CpG loci significantly associated with HF phenotypes, including 18 loci where baseline DNA methylation predicted post-ISO HF progression. Key candidate genes, such as Prkag2, Anks1, and Mospd3, were identified based on their epigenetic regulation and association with HF traits. In vitro follow-up on a number of genes confirmed that knockdown of Anks1 and Mospd3 in NRVMs resulted in significant alterations in cell size and blunting of ISO-induced hypertrophy, demonstrating their functional relevance in HF pathology. Furthermore, treatment with the DNA methyltransferase inhibitor RG108 in ISO-treated BTBRT mice significantly reduced cardiac hypertrophy and preserved ejection fraction compared to mice only treated with ISO, highlighting the therapeutic potential of targeting DNA methylation in HF. Differential expression analysis revealed that RG108 treatment restored the expression of several methylation-sensitive genes, further supporting the role of epigenetic regulation in HF. Conclusion: Our study demonstrates a clear interplay between DNA methylation, gene expression, and HF-associated phenotypes. We identified several novel epigenetic loci and candidate genes that contribute to HF progression, offering new insights into the molecular mechanisms of HF. These findings underscore the importance of epigenetic regulation in cardiac disease and suggest potential therapeutic strategies for modifying HF outcomes through targeting DNA methylation.