Mardonius' Senseless Greeks

Abstract

In Herodotus' royal council scene, where Xerxes decides whether or not to punish the Greeks, the king's cousin and adviser Mardonius is made to say these famous lines (Hdt. 7.9β.1): καίτοι [γε] ἐώθασι Ἕλληνες, ὡς πυνθάνομαι, ἀβουλότατα πολέμους ἵστασθαι ὑπό τε ἀγνωμοσύνης καὶ σκαιότητος. ἐπεὰν γὰρ ἀλλήλοισι πόλεμον προείπωσι, ἐξευρόντες τὸ κάλλιστον χωρίον καὶ λειότατον, ἐς τοῦτο κατιόντες μάχονται, ὥστε σὺν κακῷ μεγάλῳ οἱ νικῶντες ἀπαλλάσσονται· περὶ δὲ τῶν ἑσσουμένων οὐδὲ λέγω ἀρχήν, ἐξώλεες γὰρ δὴ γίνονται.Yet, the Greeks do wage war, I hear, and they do so senselessly, in their poor judgement and stupidity. When they have declared war against each other, they find the finest, flattest piece of land and go down there and fight, so that the victors come off with terrible loss—I will not even begin to speak of the defeated, for they are utterly destroyed. This passage has long been one of the pillars of the ‘orthodox’ view of Greek warfare. It appears to describe a very peculiar way of war, in which conflicts were resolved by single battles at prearranged times, fought on open ground where neither side had an advantage. Fairness counted for more than tactical skill; all conditions were made equal, so that the winners could truly claim to be the braver and stronger men. The result, as Mardonius stressed, was needlessly bloody—but it was quintessentially Greek. Modern authors have argued that this ‘agonistic’ style of fighting, this ‘wonderful, absurd conspiracy’ of open hoplite battle, determined the shape of Greek warfare until the long and hard-fought Peloponnesian War changed the rules.

Heródoto y el consejo al líder

“…Da la impresión de que Jerjes se mueve en una ola de dominio predeterminado y examina la entereza de sus líderes al escuchar sus sugerencias y evaluar el grado de compromiso, desde una perspectiva de lealtad a su persona y a la ejecución de su proyecto vital. Cabe destacar que Mardonio (Konijnendijk 2016) muestra un espíritu muy parecido al de Jerjes y alguien preparado para correr el mismo destino. La inteligencia de Artemisa no tiene cabida en la corte persa, puede ganar el respeto y la benevolencia de Jerjes, pero no muestra la misma visión del destino que representa Jerjes y su ejército: dominar el mundo conocido sin apenas luchar, solo con su presencia, y su destino como único príncipe.…”

War and Peace in Achaemenid Imperial Ideology

“…35 Harrison (2015, 32) sees it as representing the puzzlement of someone from a multilingual empire that monoligual Greeks could not settle disputes without ruinous fighting. For another reading again, stressing an ironic, even satirical, tone, see Konijnendijk 2016. 36…”