Marine bromophenols as an effective inhibitor of virulent proteins (peptidyl arginine deiminase, gingipain R and hemagglutinin A) in Porphyromas gingivalis

Progress of Bromophenols in Marine Algae from 2011 to 2020: Structure, Bioactivities, and Applications

“…Obtained from the marine red alga Symphyocladia latiuscula , compounds 4.1 – 4.4 ( Scheme 4 ) revealed antimicrobial activities against Candida albicans with the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values in the range of 10 to 37.5 μg/mL ( Table 4 ) [ 5 , 6 ]. Porphyromonas gingivalis is an important causative pathogen in human periodontitis, and gingipain R (Rgp) as well as ashemagglutinin A (HgA) proteins play significant roles in the infectious pathway of the pathogen [ 4 ]. A methanol extract of the red alga Kappaphycus , rich in BPs, showed in vitro antibacterial activities against P. gingivalis via inhibiting the gingipain and hemagglutination [ 4 ].…”

“…In 1967, the first two BPs were isolated from the red algae Rhodomela larix [ 3 ]. Over the past few decades, a great number of BPs were isolated from various marine algae species including red algae [ 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 ], green algae [ 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 ], and brown algae [ 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 ]. Some BPs are also found in other marine organisms such as sponges [ 18 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 ], ascidians [ 25 , 26 , 27 ], mussels [ 28 ], polychaetes [ 29 ], and marine proteobacteria [ 30 ].…”

Macroalgae as a Source of Valuable Antimicrobial Compounds: Extraction and Applications

“…Bromophenols, extracted from the red macroalga K. alvarezii , showed activity against P. gingivalis , the principal agent of chronic periodontitis. These compounds were able to downregulate the expression of the proteins involved in the infectious pathways of the bacteria [ 132 ]. Regarding yeast and fungi, the phlorotannin dieckol, extracted from E. clava , was tested against the fungi T. rubrum , associated with dermatophytic nail infections.…”

“…In Table 4 , some examples of the antimicrobial properties against bacteria, antibiotic-resistant bacteria, fungi and viruses have been shown. For example, polyphenols could be used in dental products for the treatment of chronic periodontitis [ 132 ], nail treatments to eliminate fungi [ 134 ] or in the development of new antivirals [ 135 , 136 ], among other interesting applications. Polysaccharides have shown antimicrobial effects against bacteria and fungi, but their antiviral properties are gaining attention in the pharmaceutical sector [ 132 ].…”

“…For example, polyphenols could be used in dental products for the treatment of chronic periodontitis [ 132 ], nail treatments to eliminate fungi [ 134 ] or in the development of new antivirals [ 135 , 136 ], among other interesting applications. Polysaccharides have shown antimicrobial effects against bacteria and fungi, but their antiviral properties are gaining attention in the pharmaceutical sector [ 132 ]. In the case of other compounds, like proteins and pigments, their antimicrobial properties have not yet been widely studied and understood, so their current pharmaceutical applications are limited.…”