Marine Eutrophication in Perspective

Jong, F. de

doi:10.1007/3-540-33648-6

Cited by 38 publications

(11 citation statements)

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“…The OSPAR Commission has jurisdiction for the broader European North-East Atlantic Ocean, thus has contracting parties additional to those counties that border the North Sea (Belgium, Netherlands, Germany, Denmark, Norway, and the United Kingdom). As recounted in detail by de Jong (2006), eutrophication began to command attention after the occurrence of hypoxic events in the German Bight of the North Sea in 1981 and 1982 that followed from the rapid growth of phosphorus and, particularly, nitrogen discharges from the continental rivers during the 1960s and 1970s. The environmental ministers of the OSPAR contracting parties agreed in 1987 to reduce the river loads of dissolved inorganic phosphorus and nitrogen to 50% of the levels in 1985 by the year 1995.…”

Section: North Seamentioning

confidence: 99%

Barriers and Bridges in Abating Coastal Eutrophication

Boesch

2019

Front. Mar. Sci.

134

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Over the past 30 years concerted campaigns have been undertaken to reverse nutrient-driven eutrophication in coastal waters in Europe, North America, Asia, and Australia. Typically, eutrophication abatement has proven a more recalcitrant challenge than anticipated, with ecosystem improvements only recently beginning to emerge or falling short of goals. Reduction in nutrient loads has come mainly from advanced treatment of wastewaters and has lagged targets set for diffuse agricultural sources. Synthesis of the major campaigns-varying in terms of physical settings, ecosystem characteristics, nutrient sources, socio-economic drivers, and governance-identified barriers inhibiting eutrophication abatement and potential bridges to overcome them. Actionable science can be advanced by: application of the well-established and emerging knowledge and experience around the globe, client-responsive strategic research, and timely and conclusive adjudication of scientific controversies. More accountable governance requires: enduring engagement of high-level officials of the responsible governments; effective communication of the causes, risks and benefits to the public and stakeholders; quantitative and accountable allocation of responsibility for nutrient load reductions; and binding requirements, as opposed to simply voluntary actions. Effective reduction in nutrient loads requires: reduction strategies for both nitrogen and phosphorus; inclusion of actions that reduce atmospheric emissions of nitrogen in addition to direct inputs to waterways; efficacious regulations; public subsidies based on performance; limitations on biofuel production that increases nutrient loads; and enhancing the sinks and losses for legacy nutrients retained in soils and groundwater. Outcomes must be measured and strategies appropriately adjusted through: sustained monitoring of essential indicators and processes, the use of multiple models, truly adaptive management, and cautious interventions within the coastal ecosystem. The changing climate must be taken into account by reassessing achievable future conditions and seeking alternatives for mitigating and adapting to climate change that also reduce nutrient loads.

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Section: North Seamentioning

confidence: 99%

Barriers and Bridges in Abating Coastal Eutrophication

Boesch

2019

Front. Mar. Sci.

134

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“…Considerable confidence in the estimate of precision in the slope of the relative flux with wavelength can be gained by examining the internal agreement among the HST standards: i) Bohlin (2007a) illustrates the <<1% agreement of the three primary WD models with their calibrated fluxes, which means that if the slope of any model, which depends primarily on T eff , is in error, then the other two model temperatures must be similarly in error in order to make the same change in flux vs. wavelength for all three stars from 0.12-2.5 µm. ii) The NICMOS photometric calibration is based on the HST primary standard G191B2B and the secondary standard P330E per de Jong (2006), where the consistency of the absolute spectrophotometry is confirmed for these two SEDs from the CAL-SPEC 8 database. In particular, de Jong's Figure 2 shows an agreement of 0.8-1.4% between the NICMOS calibrations derived from the SEDs for P330E and G191B2B over the combined 0.9-2.4 µm range of the three cameras.…”

Section: Uncertaintiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

ABSOLUTE FLUX CALIBRATION OF THE IRAC INSTRUMENT ON THESPITZER SPACE TELESCOPEUSINGHUBBLE SPACE TELESCOPEFLUX STANDARDS

Bohlin

Gordon

Rieke

et al. 2011

The Astronomical Journal

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The absolute flux calibration of the James Webb Space Telescope will be based on a set of stars observed by the Hubble and Spitzer Space Telescopes. In order to cross-calibrate the two facilities, several A, G, and white dwarf (WD) stars are observed with both Spitzer and Hubble and are the prototypes for a set of JWST calibration standards. The flux calibration constants for the four Spitzer IRAC bands 1-4 are derived from these stars and are 2.3, 1.9, 2.0, and 0.5% lower than the official cold-mission IRAC calibration of Reach et al. (2005), i.e. in agreement within their estimated errors of ∼2%. The causes of these differences lie primarily in the IRAC data reduction and secondarily in the SEDs of our standard stars. The independent IRAC 8 µm band-4 fluxes of Rieke et al. (2008) are about 1.5 ±2% higher than those of Reach et al. and are also in agreement with our 8 µm result.

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“…Experts and scientists from different disciplines, users of the knowledge and affected people are part of this extended forum. Often new institutions have to be introduced to function as science–policy interfaces, such as in the cases of climate change and sea management (Boehmer‐Christiansen 1994; de Jong 2006). An extended forum should be regarded as an integral part of participative forms of ‘good governance’.…”

Section: Concepts and Questionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Nevertheless, we think that the third position is most appropriate and effective because it is compatible with other positions, as demonstrated by the ecologists of Alterra. In discussions on climate change (Boehmer‐Christiansen 1994) and sea management (de Jong 2006), experience with this strategy is already available.…”

Section: Ecology and Policymentioning

confidence: 99%

Ecological corridors, connecting science and politics: the case of the Green River in the Netherlands

Windt¹,

Swart

2007

Journal of Applied Ecology

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Summary 1.During recent decades, the ecological corridor has become a popular concept among ecologists, politicians and nature conservationists. However, it has been criticized from a scientific point of view. In this paper we question why this concept has been accepted so readily in policy and practice. 2. We present a conceptual framework to analyse the rise of the concept, especially in the Netherlands. We have studied the Dutch literature from the period 1980-2005, including the main ecological journal Landschap ( Landscape ), policy documents and reports from the leading Dutch policy-orientated ecology research centre. 3. Many actors, including politicians, stakeholders and scientists, were involved in the development of the ecological corridor and the related National Ecological Network on the national and regional levels. The involvement of these actors changed the character of the concept into the multifunctional 'robust corridor'. 4. The ecological corridor was probably so influential because its vague and flexible character facilitated the coming together of various stakeholders and scientists. It also functions as a metaphor, applicable to well-known entities such as construction and transport. Finally, scientists from the policy-orientated research centre were able to link the concept to fundamental science, policy and practice. In some stages of the policy-defining process, however, conflicts arose between the proponents of scientific soundness and those of social robustness that reduced the role of scientists. 5. Synthesis and applications . To make ecological concepts both scientifically sound and socially robust, several changes must take place in current interactions between ecology and society. First, during concept development it requires the existence of extensive, largely interactive peer groups with clearly defined relationships between scientists and non-scientists. Secondly, the concepts should be flexible and relatable to relevant knowledge, insights, values and practices. Thirdly, several feedback loops between science and non-science should be set up during the various stages of concept development and implementation.

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Marine Eutrophication in Perspective

Abstract: The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.

Cited by 38 publications

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Barriers and Bridges in Abating Coastal Eutrophication

Barriers and Bridges in Abating Coastal Eutrophication

ABSOLUTE FLUX CALIBRATION OF THE IRAC INSTRUMENT ON THESPITZER SPACE TELESCOPEUSINGHUBBLE SPACE TELESCOPEFLUX STANDARDS

Ecological corridors, connecting science and politics: the case of the Green River in the Netherlands

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