Markers to measure immunomodulation in human nutrition intervention studies

Albers, Ruud; Antoine, Jean‐Michel; Bourdet‐Sicard, Raphaëlle; Calder, Philip C.; Gleeson, Michael; Lesourd, B.; Samartı́n, Sonia; Sanderson, Ian R.; Loo, Jan Van; Dias, Filipe; Watzl, Bernhard

doi:10.1079/bjn20051469

Cited by 249 publications

(214 citation statements)

References 146 publications

(175 reference statements)

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“…In the same study, there was no effect of the combination of OF and IN upon salivary secretory IgA levels (60) . In newborn infants supplemented with a mixture of GOS and IN with shorter-chain FOS removed in their formula, an increase in faecal secretory IgA levels was seen (65) , which fits with the findings from animal studies which show an enhancement of the antibody response in the GALT by prebiotics (47,49,51 -53) .The antibody response to vaccination is considered to be the gold standard for measuring the functioning of the immune system in vivo, based on its biological relevance, sensitivity and practical feasibility (70) . Thus several human studies use this marker, but these have generated mixed results.…”

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confidence: 75%

Prebiotics, immune function, infection and inflammation: a review of the evidence

2008

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b2-1 Fructans are carbohydrate molecules with prebiotic properties. Through resistance to digestion in the upper gastrointestinal tract, they reach the colon intact, where they selectively stimulate the growth and/or activity of beneficial members of the gut microbiota. Through this modification of the intestinal microbiota, and by additional mechanisms, b2-1 fructans may have beneficial effects upon immune function, ability to combat infection, and inflammatory processes and conditions. In this paper, we have collated, summarised and evaluated studies investigating these areas. Twenty-one studies in laboratory animals suggest that some aspects of innate and adaptive immunity of the gut and the systemic immune systems are modified by b2-1 fructans. In man, two studies in children and nine studies in adults indicate that the adaptive immune system may be modified by b2-1 fructans. Thirteen studies in animal models of intestinal infections conclude a beneficial effect of b2-1 fructans. Ten trials involving infants and children have mostly reported benefits on infectious outcomes; in fifteen adult trials, little effect was generally seen, although in specific situations, certain b2-1 fructans may be beneficial. Ten studies in animal models show benefit of b2-1 fructans with regard to intestinal inflammation. Human studies report some benefits regarding inflammatory bowel disease (four positive studies) and atopic dermatitis (one positive study), but findings in irritable bowel syndrome are inconsistent. Therefore, overall the results indicate that b2-1 fructans are able to modulate some aspects of immune function, to improve the host's ability to respond successfully to certain intestinal infections, and to modify some inflammatory conditions. b2-1 Fructans: Inulin: Oligofructose: Fructo-oligosaccharides: Cytokines Prebiotics have been defined as 'non-digestible food ingredients that beneficially affect the host by selectively stimulating the growth, and/or activity, of one or a limited number of beneficial bacteria in the colon and thus improve host health' (1) . Research on the potential health benefits of prebiotics has occurred over the last 15 years or so, with a recent interest in the effects on the immune system, the host's ability to fight infection, and inflammatory processes and conditions. These effects have been reviewed several times (2 -7) but to our knowledge there are no reviews that bring together all of the available studies in all of the these areas. Thus, the aim of the present article is to describe the structure and dietary sources of prebiotics, and to summarise and evaluate studies investigating the influence of prebiotics on immunity, host defence, and inflammatory processes and conditions.Structure of prebiotics b2-1 Fructans, which include inulin (IN) and fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS), fulfil the criteria for prebiotics (8) . Other carbohydrates including galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS), gluco-oligosaccharides, isomalto-oligosaccharides, lactulose, mannanoligosaccharides (MOS), nigero-oli...

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confidence: 75%

Prebiotics, immune function, infection and inflammation: a review of the evidence

2008

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“…This form of presentation was chosen to provide a clearer picture of potential dose-dependent effects. In addition, the percentage change associated with increased intake of n-3 PUFA reported in each study is depicted in Figs. 1-3 to help explore the presence of potential trends in results that were not shown to be significant, as studies could potentially lack the statistical power to find significance because of their small sample size and the large inter-individual variance in outcomes that is generally reported (see Albers et al 2005). The current review covers studies with oral supplementation of fish oil capsules, purified EPA and/or DHA supplements, fish oil-enriched foods or diets with well-defined long-chain n-3 PUFA enrichment.…”

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confidence: 99%

Differential immunomodulation with long-chainn-3 PUFA in health and chronic disease

Sijben¹,

2007

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The balance of intake of n-6 and n-3 PUFA, and consequently their relative incorporation into immune cells, is important in determining the development and severity of immune and inflammatory responses. Some disorders characterised by exaggerated inflammation and excessive formation of inflammatory markers have become among the most important causes of death and disability in man in modern societies. The recognition that long-chain n-3 PUFA have the potential to inhibit (excessive) inflammatory responses has led to a large number of clinical investigations with these fatty acids in inflammatory conditions as well as in healthy subjects. The present review explores the presence of dose-related effects of long-chain n-3 PUFA supplementation on immune markers and differences between healthy subjects and those with inflammatory conditions, because of the important implications for the transfer of information gained from studies with healthy subjects to patient populations, e.g. for establishing dose levels for specific applications. The effects of long-chain n-3 PUFA supplementation on ex vivo lymphocyte proliferation and cytokine production by lymphocytes and monocytes in healthy subjects have been studied in twenty-seven, twenty-five and forty-six treatment cohorts respectively, at intake levels ranging from 0 . 2 g EPA + DHA/d to 7 . 0 g EPA + DHA/d. Most studies, particularly those with the highest quality study design, have found no effects on these immune markers. Significant effects on lymphocyte proliferation are decreased responses in seven of eight cohorts, particularly in older subjects. The direction of the significant changes in cytokine production by lymphocytes is inconsistent and only found at supplementation levels ‡ 2 . 0 g EPA + DHA/d. Significant changes in inflammatory cytokine production by monocytes are decreases in their production in all instances. Overall, these studies fail to reveal strong dose-response effects of EPA + DHA on the outcomes measured and suggest that healthy subjects are relatively insensitive to immunomodulation with longchain n-3 PUFA, even at intake levels that substantially raise their concentrations in phospholipids of immune cells. In patients with inflammatory conditions cytokine concentrations or production are influenced by EPA + DHA supplementation in a relatively large number of studies. Some of these studies suggest that local effects at the site of inflammation might be more pronounced than systemic effects and disease-related markers are more sensitive to the immunomodulatory effects, indicating that the presence of inflamed tissue or 'sensitised' immune cells in inflammatory disorders might increase sensitivity to the immunomodulatory effects of long-chain n-3 PUFA. In a substantial number of these studies clinical benefits related to the inflammatory state of the condition have been observed in the absence of significant effects on immune markers of inflammation. This finding suggests that conditionspecific clinical end points might be more sensitive markers...

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“…Another serious problem is that aging involves a shift towards a dominance of a Th2 related response (Shearer, 1997;Rink et al, 1998;Albers et al, 2005;Alberti et al, 2006). The impact of age on cytokine production was examined in both animal and human models in an effort to elucidate the possible mechanisms of age-associated changes in immunity.…”

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confidence: 99%

Restoration of the immune functions in aged mice by supplementation with a new herbal composition, HemoHIM

Park¹,

Jo²,

Jung³

et al. 2007

Phytotherapy Research

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The effect of a new herbal composition, HemoHIM, on immune functions was examined in aged mice, in which various immune responses had been impaired. The composition HemoHIM was prepared by adding the ethanol-insoluble fraction to the total water extract of a mixture of three edible herbs, Angelica Radix, Cnidium Rhizoma and Paeonia Radix. Supplementation to the aged mice with HemoHIM restored the proliferative response and cytokine production of splenocytes with a response to ConA. Also, HemoHIM recovered the NK cell activity which had been impaired in the aged mice. Meanwhile aging is known to reduce the Th1-like function, but not the Th2-like function, resulting in a Th1/Th2 imbalance. HemoHIM restored the Th1/Th2 balance in the aged mice through enhanced IFN-γ γ γ γ γ and IgG2a production, and conversely a reduced IL-4 and IgG1 production. It was found that one factor for the Th1/Th2 imbalance in the aged mice was a lower production of IL-12p70. However, HemoHIM restored the IL-12p70 production in the aged mice. These results suggested that HemoHIM was effective for the restoration of impaired immune functions of the aged mice and therefore could be a good recommendation for immune restoration in elderly humans.

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Markers to measure immunomodulation in human nutrition intervention studies

Cited by 249 publications

References 146 publications

Prebiotics, immune function, infection and inflammation: a review of the evidence

Prebiotics, immune function, infection and inflammation: a review of the evidence

Differential immunomodulation with long-chainn-3 PUFA in health and chronic disease

Restoration of the immune functions in aged mice by supplementation with a new herbal composition, HemoHIM

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