Mass Rearing and Quality Control Parameters for Tephritid Fruit Flies of Economic Importance in Africa

Ekesi, Sunday; Mohamed, Samira A.

doi:10.5772/21330

Cited by 52 publications

(62 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…Tephritid agricultural pests are common and widespread, usually intercepted through commercially available pheromones [26]. By using a library biased towards agricultural pests we accept that many rare and/or economically unimportant species may be misidentified.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identifying Insects with Incomplete DNA Barcode Libraries, African Fruit Flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) as a Test Case

et al. 2012

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We propose a general working strategy to deal with incomplete reference libraries in the DNA barcoding identification of species. Considering that (1) queries with a large genetic distance with their best DNA barcode match are more likely to be misidentified and (2) imposing a distance threshold profitably reduces identification errors, we modelled relationships between identification performances and distance thresholds in four DNA barcode libraries of Diptera (n = 4270), Lepidoptera (n = 7577), Hymenoptera (n = 2067) and Tephritidae (n = 602 DNA barcodes). In all cases, more restrictive distance thresholds produced a gradual increase in the proportion of true negatives, a gradual decrease of false positives and more abrupt variations in the proportions of true positives and false negatives. More restrictive distance thresholds improved precision, yet negatively affected accuracy due to the higher proportions of queries discarded (viz. having a distance query-best match above the threshold). Using a simple linear regression we calculated an ad hoc distance threshold for the tephritid library producing an estimated relative identification error <0.05. According to the expectations, when we used this threshold for the identification of 188 independently collected tephritids, less than 5% of queries with a distance query-best match below the threshold were misidentified. Ad hoc thresholds can be calculated for each particular reference library of DNA barcodes and should be used as cut-off mark defining whether we can proceed identifying the query with a known estimated error probability (e.g. 5%) or whether we should discard the query and consider alternative/complementary identification methods.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identifying Insects with Incomplete DNA Barcode Libraries, African Fruit Flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) as a Test Case

et al. 2012

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“…Bactrocera dorsalis used in this study were reared at the animal rearing and quarantine unit of the International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology ( icipe ) Nairobi, Kenya, following the procedures described by Ekesi, Nderitu, & Chang, and Ekesi & Mohamed, . Adult flies were kept in Perspex cages (80 × 80 × 80 cm) and maintained at 26–28°C, 60%–70% RH and a photoperiod of L12:D12.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Post‐harvest disinfestation of Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) (Diptera: Tephritidae) in mango using hot‐water treatments

Ndlela

Ekesi

Ndegwa

et al. 2017

J Applied Entomology

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Mango, Mangifera indica L. (Anacardiaceae), is one of the most important fruits in Africa, providing household nutrition and economic development opportunities for millions of growers across the continent. In Kenya, over 80% of mango production is carried out by smallholders who produce this crop for both the domestic and the export markets. Despite its importance, mango production is hampered by several constraints, including infestation by fruit flies, especially the exotic Bactrocera dorsalis. In addition to its direct damage to fruits, the high quarantine status of the pest restricts the export of fruits and limits access to lucrative markets, impacting negatively on export earnings. To facilitate access to export markets, post‐harvest management measures such as hot‐water treatment are required to ensure quarantine security. Internationally, this level has been set as either 99.99% (Probit 8.7) or 99.9968% (Probit 9). In developing a protocol, the development of immature life stages of B. dorsalis in ‘Apple’ mango was established. Using this information, infested mangoes harbouring the different immature life stages were subjected to a hot‐water treatment of 46.1°C for four different times, and the egg mortality and larval mortality were determined. The third‐instar life stage was the most heat tolerant, followed by second‐ and first‐instar larvae and the egg stage, respectively. The immersion time of 81.47 min (95% CL 75.77–87.18) was established as the time required to achieve 99.99% security level. In the validation experiment, there were no survivors from the 51,101 third‐instar individuals treated in ‘Apple’ mango weighing 400–500 g. Furthermore, there were no survivors from the 44,651 third instars exposed to 46.1°C for 68 min. These results provide sound evidence that the shorter treatment duration is an effective post‐harvest disinfestations treatment against B. dorsalis, and should facilitate access to export markets for mango fruits from Africa.

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“…The development of fruit fly pest control methods is facilitated by the availability of efficient laboratory rearing techniques. This allows studies on their biology and ecology (Ekesi & Mohamed, ). However, laboratory colonization and adaptation of fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) can be a long and difficult process (Parker, ; Rössler, ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of a liquid larval diet for rearing Dacus species and Bactrocera dorsalis (Diptera: Tephritidae)

Anato

Bokonon-Ganta

Gnanvossou

et al. 2017

J Applied Entomology

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Species of the genus Dacus are important insect pests of fruits and vegetables. Two Dacus species, Dacus punctatifrons Karsch and Dacus vertebratus Bezzi, as well as Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel), were reared on a liquid artificial diet, a carrot (Daucus carota L.)‐based solid artificial diet, and a natural fruit host to assess the suitability of the liquid diet for small‐scale rearing of these species. Egg hatch, pupal production, adult emergence and F1 productivity were recorded to evaluate performance of the three species on each diet. Egg hatch on the three diets was more than 50% for D. punctatifrons and B. dorsalis, but for D. vertebratus, egg hatch was less than 40% when they were introduced to the liquid artificial diet. Pupal production for both Dacus species was very low or nil on the liquid artificial diet and the carrot‐based artificial diet, respectively. Adult emergence was low for D. punctatifrons and nil for D. vertebratus on the liquid artificial diet. This study showed that the two Dacus species did not develop well on either the liquid or solid carrot‐based artificial diet whereas B. dorsalis performed well on the liquid diet. Cucumber, the natural host of both Dacus species, was better for small‐scale rearing of these species than the liquid and carrot‐based artificial diets. Nutrients found in cucumber need to be identified to formulate alternative rearing media for Dacus species that are economical and easy to use.

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Mass Rearing and Quality Control Parameters for Tephritid Fruit Flies of Economic Importance in Africa

Cited by 52 publications

References 33 publications

Identifying Insects with Incomplete DNA Barcode Libraries, African Fruit Flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) as a Test Case

Identifying Insects with Incomplete DNA Barcode Libraries, African Fruit Flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) as a Test Case

Post‐harvest disinfestation of Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) (Diptera: Tephritidae) in mango using hot‐water treatments

Assessment of a liquid larval diet for rearing Dacus species and Bactrocera dorsalis (Diptera: Tephritidae)

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