Mass transport-related stratal disruption within sedimentary mélanges: Examples from the northern Apennines (Italy) and south-central Pyrenees (Spain)

The Šariš Transitional Zone, revealing interactions between Pieniny Klippen Belt, Outer Carpathians and European platform

“…Concurrent tectonic and gravitational motions leading to the formation of polygenetic olistostromes are common in a large part of the Western Alps at the top of the Alpine foreland basin succession (Perotti et al 2012) and in the Northern Apennines (Pini 1999;Codegone et al 2012;Ogata et al 2012). Also the Miocene of the Outer Carpathians is full of chaotic sediments, the diachronous character of which has been underlined by Jankowski and Jarmołowicz-Szulc (2009).…”

Late Oligocene–early Miocene olistostromes (sedimentary mélanges) as tectono-stratigraphic constraints to the geodynamic evolution of the exhumed Ligurian accretionary complex (Northern Apennines, NW Italy)

“…2), including olistostromes, occur at different stratigraphic levels, within the episutural/wedge-top basin succession (e.g., Bettelli et al 1989aBettelli et al , 1989bCastellarin and Pini, 1999;Mutti et al 1995;Martelli et al 1998;Pini, 1999;Panini et al 2002bPanini et al , 2013Papani et al 2002;Pini et al 2004;Festa et al 2010aFesta et al , 2010bFesta 2011;Remitti et al 2011;Ogata et al 2012a;. Particularly, the occurrence of olistostromes in the late Oligocene -early Miocene time interval (i.e., Val Tiepido -Canossa argillaceous breccias of Panini et al 2002b; Canossa Olistostrome of Fazzini and Tacoli 1963, Papani 1963, Bettelli et al 1987; Val Tiepido-Canossa sedimentary mélange of , Bettelli et al 1989a, 1989b; see also Castellarin and Pini, 1987;Pini, 1999;Balatri et al 2002;Benini et al 2002;Bettelli et al 2002;Papani et al 2002;Gasperi et al 2005aGasperi et al , 2005bMartelli et al 2009;Remitti et al 2011) show a significant regional scale distribution (about more than 300 km long by 10-15 km wide) in almost all the outer part of the present-day Northern Apennines (Fig.…”

“…In particular, the internal structure of the deposits from mass transport (hereafter defined as mass-transport deposits, or MTDs, and mass-transport complexes, or MTCs when they consist of different superposed MTDs, see, e.g., Ogata et al 2012b) is commonly difficult to be deciphered in detail mainly because of the acoustic transparency and the small-scale of the related features (meters to tens of meters) that is below the standard seismic resolution. Detailed studies on exhumed analogues can than provide useful information on the small-scale internal geometry and on deformation mechanisms, which are complementary to those obtained through off-shore geophysical investigations and drilling (e.g., Lucente and Pini, 2003;Mienert 2004;Codegone et al 2012a;Ogata et al 2012aOgata et al , 2014Pini et al 2012).…”

Mechanisms and processes of stratal disruption and mixing in the development of mélanges and broken formations: Redefining and classifying mélanges

“…Some researchers have avoided in these definitions any specification of the origin of that matrix as tectonic, sedimentary or diapiric. This matter is particularly important in studying sedimentary mélanges in that it restricts the use of the term mélange only to mass-transport deposits, which display a chaotic 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 6 internal arrangement and mixing of exotic and native blocks in a deformed matrix (debris flows, hyperconcentrated flows, blocky flows, Mutti et al, 2006;Ogata et al, 2012a). It also excludes other sedimentary deposits such as turbidites.…”

“…Time-progressive evolution of deformation structures in chaotic rock units, such as broken formations to mélanges, has been rarely described in the literature (see e.g., Smith et al, 1979;Raymond, 1984;Cowan, 1985;Needham, 1995;Harris et al, 1998;Lucente and Pini, 2003;Ogata et al, 2012a;Pini et al, 2012;Yamamoto et al, 2012a). This is in part due to the fact that collisional and post-collisional shortening, magmatism, extensional deformation, and strike-slip tectonics may have obscured or strongly remodified the structural evidence for the pre-existing continuum.…”