Massive Landslide Characterization Using Refraction Seismic and Electric Tomography

Landslide Investigation Using Seismic Refraction Tomography Method: A Review

“…Therefore, there is no necessity to compare the used invasive and direct methods and geophysical results. As shown in Figure 16, the majority of the studies (45%) reviewed in this paper applied the SRT and electrical tomography data joint inversion, particularly in water-saturated investigations (Bekler et al, 2011;Bichler et al, 2004;Capizzi and Martorana, 2014;Donohue et al, 2012;Godio et al, 2006;Göktürkler et al, 2008;Havenith et al, 2000;Hilbich, 2010;Imani, 2020;Imani and Tian, 2018;Imani et al, 2021b;Jongmans et al, 2009;Karslı et al, 2017;Kim et al, 2011;Kul Yahşi and Ersoy, 2018;Le Roux et al, 2011;Mauritsch et al, 2000;Mezerreg et al, 2019;Nwankwo and Ugbena, 2019;Ostrowski and Lasocki, 2018;Otto and Sass, 2006;Samyn et al, 2012;Solberg et al, 2012;Yilmaz and Kamaci, 2018). Among electrical methods, electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) is of great importance in landslide studies.…”

“…Although, Resistivity data are mainly affected by porosity, weathering rate, pore water pressure, water contents, and mineral particles, the ERT technique can illustrate the landslide structure and lateral extent in detail. Despite the success of ERT in landslide projects, Ostrowski and Lasocki (2018) mentioned that compared to SRT, ERT could not recognize unaffected materials from colluvium. Only a few examples (15%) combined with the GPR technique have been reported (Bichler et al, 2004;Otto and Sass, 2006).…”

“…) and higher values in landslide bedrock (Bichler et al, 2004;Jongmans et al, 2009;Uhlemann et al, 2016). In most studies carried out in landslide areas using SRT, the first break collected included P-wave data (Armstrong et al, 2011;Bekler et al, 2011;Capizzi and Martorana, 2014;Donohue et al, 2012;Ferrucci et al, 2000;Göktürkler et al, 2008;Grit and Kanli, 2016;Havenith et al, 2002;Havenith et al, 2000;Heincke, 2005;Imani, 2020;Imani and Tian, 2018;Jacob et al, 2018;Karslı et al, 2017;Mezerreg et al, 2019;Nwankwo and Ugbena, 2019;Ostrowski and Lasocki, 2018;Otto and Sass, 2006;Samyn et al, 2012;Travelletti et al, 2010;Vanlı Senkaya et al, 2019;Zainal Abidin et al, 2012); however, some literature supplemented the landslide studies using S-wave refractions (Bichler et al, 2004;Jongmans et al, 2009;Ozcep et al, 2012;Uhlemann et al, 2016;Yilmaz and Kamaci, 2018).…”