Massive MIMO for Connectivity With Drones: Case Studies and Future Directions

Chandhar, Prabhu; Larsson, Erik G.

doi:10.1109/access.2019.2928764

Cited by 46 publications

(38 citation statements)

References 66 publications

(99 reference statements)

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“…While we are writing this article, the cellular sites of our MNO are being upgraded from old-fashioned BSs, operating in single-user mode, to spanking new 5G massive MIMO BSs performing spatial multiplexing. Let us illustrate both modi operandi in a nutshell: 2 Single-user mode (SU): Each BS is equipped with an 8 × 1 array of ±45 • cross-polarized radiating elements, mechanically downtilted by 12 • . The radio-frequency signals at the radiating elements are combined in the analog domain, and fed to a single radio frequency (RF) chain.…”

Section: Building the Network Of Tomorrowmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Essential Guide to Realizing 5G-Connected UAVs with Massive MIMO

et al. 2019

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What will it take for drones-and the whole associated ecosystem-to take off ? Arguably, infallible command and control (C&C) channels for safe and autonomous flying, and high-throughput links for multi-purpose live video streaming. And indeed, meeting these aspirations may entail a full cellular support, provided through 5G-and-beyond hardware and software upgrades by both mobile operators and manufacturers of these unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). In this article, we vouch for massive MIMO as the key building block to realize 5G-connected UAVs. Through the sheer evidence of 3GPPcompliant simulations, we demonstrate how massive MIMO can be enhanced by complementary network-based and UAVbased solutions, resulting in consistent UAV C&C support, large UAV uplink data rates, and harmonious coexistence with legacy ground users.• The efficacy of massive MIMO (mMIMO) fades in the presence of many high-altitude UAVs. Moreover, pilot

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Section: Building the Network Of Tomorrowmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP)[12] 2. Eager readers are referred to[10] for a thorough list of system parameters.…”

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confidence: 99%

The Essential Guide to Realizing 5G-Connected UAVs with Massive MIMO

et al. 2019

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“…over a wireless network. Solutions are urgently needed to transfer large amounts of data, e.g., video streaming generated by high-resolution cameras, from aerial users to ground base stations (BSs) [6]- [8]. More importantly, reliable command and control (C&C) channels to the UAVs are required to safely operate these vehicles remotely and beyond the visual lineof-sight (LoS) constraints currently enforced by regulatory bodies [9].…”

Section: A Background and Motivationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Understanding UAV Cellular Communications: From Existing Networks to Massive MIMO

et al. 2018

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The purpose of this article is to bestow the reader with a timely study of UAV cellular communications, bridging the gap between the 3GPP standardization status quo and the more forward-looking research. Special emphasis is placed on the downlink command and control (C&C) channel to aerial users, whose reliability is deemed of paramount technological importance for the commercial success of UAV cellular communications. Through a realistic side-by-side comparison of two network deployments -a present-day cellular infrastructure versus a next-generation massive MIMO system -a plurality of key facts are cast light upon, with the three main ones summarized as follows: (i) UAV cell selection is essentially driven by the secondary lobes of a base station's radiation pattern, causing UAVs to associate to far-flung cells; (ii) over a 10 MHz bandwidth, and for UAV heights of up to 300 m, massive MIMO networks can support 100 kbps C&C channels in 74% of the cases when the uplink pilots for channel estimation are reused among base station sites, and in 96% of the cases without pilot reuse across the network; (iii) supporting UAV C&C channels can considerably affect the performance of ground users on account of severe pilot contamination, unless suitable power control policies are in place.

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“…[20] pose several unsolved research challenges. For example, in the near future, swarms of drones, sensors, and actuators will be omnipresent adding up to billions of devices [21][22][23]. In this ultra-dense scenario, these devices will be always moving around the cell at different speeds and positions with a dominant LoS link to the BS.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Capacity Bounds for Dense Massive MIMO in a Line-of-Sight Propagation Environment

Figueiredo

Dias

Lima³

et al. 2020

Sensors

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The use of large-scale antenna arrays grants considerable benefits in energy and spectral efficiency to wireless systems due to spatial resolution and array gain techniques. By assuming a dominant line-of-sight environment in a massive multiple-input multiple-output scenario, we derive analytical expressions for the sum-capacity. Then, we show that convenient simplifications on the sum-capacity expressions are possible when working at low and high signal-to-noise ratio regimes. Furthermore, in the case of low and high signal-to-noise ratio regimes, it is demonstrated that the Gamma probability density function can approximate the probability density function of the instantaneous channel sum-capacity as the number of served devices and base station antennas grows, respectively. A second important demonstration presented in this work is that a Gamma probability density function can also be used to approximate the probability density function of the summation of the channel’s singular values as the number of devices increases. Finally, it is important to highlight that the presented framework is useful for a massive number of Internet of Things devices as we show that the transmit power of each device can be made inversely proportional to the number of base station antennas.

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Massive MIMO for Connectivity With Drones: Case Studies and Future Directions

Cited by 46 publications

References 66 publications

The Essential Guide to Realizing 5G-Connected UAVs with Massive MIMO

The Essential Guide to Realizing 5G-Connected UAVs with Massive MIMO

Understanding UAV Cellular Communications: From Existing Networks to Massive MIMO

Capacity Bounds for Dense Massive MIMO in a Line-of-Sight Propagation Environment

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