Material characterization and Monte Carlo simulation of lead and non-lead X-Ray shielding materials

Aral, Nebahat; Duch, M.A.; Raso, Mònica Ardanuy

doi:10.1016/j.radphyschem.2020.108892

Cited by 25 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 22 publications

(30 reference statements)

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“…Studies usually evaluate the shielding potential of various materials via simulation programs, i.e., [31][32][33] in order to save time or due to their financial advantages. In this study, we preferred to evaluate the samples by simulating real-time routine clinical procedures and the radiographic programs and devices used daily.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluating the X-ray-Shielding Performance of Graphene-Oxide-Coated Nanocomposite Fabric

et al. 2022

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Exposure to ionizing radiation (IR) during diagnostic medical procedures brings certain risks, especially when experiencing recurrent exposures. The fabrication of nano-based composites, doped with different nanoparticles, have been suggested as effective shielding materials to replace conventional lead-based ones in material sciences and nanotechnology. In this study, commercially available fabrics, used to produce scrubs and gowns for clinical staff, are modified utilizing graphene oxide (GO) nanoparticles using a layer-by-layer (LBL) technique. GO was obtained from graphite through environmentally friendly technology by using a modified–improved Hummers’ method without NaNO3. Lightweight, flexible, air- and water-permeable shielding materials are produced that are wearable in all-day clinical practice. The nanoparticles are kept to a minimum at 1 wt%; however, utilizing the LBL technique they are distributed evenly along the fibers of the fabrics to achieve as much shielding effect as possible. The evaluation of samples is accomplished by simulating real-time routine clinical procedures and the radiographic programs and devices used daily. The GO-coated nanocomposite fabrics demonstrated promising results for X-ray shielding.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluating the X-ray-Shielding Performance of Graphene-Oxide-Coated Nanocomposite Fabric

et al. 2022

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“…It has been reported that an x-ray shielding sheet made of a mixture of metals such as Bi and Sb is approximately 30% lighter than that made of Pb. 39,40 The development of this material is based on a method in which the K absorption edge of light atoms was effectively utilized and heavy atoms absorb characteristic x-rays generated via the photoelectric effect of light atoms. However, there are still problems to be solved.…”

Section: Novelty For Developing Elastic Shieldsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Performance of elastic x‐ray shield made by embedding Bi₂O₃ particles in porous polyurethane

Maeda,

Hayashi,

Ando

et al. 2023

Medical Physics

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BackgroundMany healthcare institutions have guidelines concerning the usage of protective procedures, and various x‐ray shields have been used to reduce unwanted radiation exposure to medical staff and patients when using x‐rays. Most x‐ray shields are in the form of sheets and lack elasticity, which limits their effectiveness in shielding areas with movement, such as the thyroid. To overcome this limitation, we have developed an innovative elastic x‐ray shield.PurposeThe purpose of this study is to explain the methodology for developing and evaluating a novel elastic x‐ray shield with sufficient x‐ray shielding ability. Furthermore, valuable knowledge and evaluation indices are derived to assess our shield's performance.MethodsOur x‐ray shield was developed through a process of embedding Bi2O3 particles into porous polyurethane. Porous polyurethane with a thickness of 10 mm was dipped into a solution of water, metal particles, and chemical agents. Then, it was air‐dried to fix the metal particles in the porous polyurethane. Thirteen investigational x‐ray shields were fabricated, in which Bi2O3 particles at various mass thicknesses (ranging from 585 to 2493 g/m2) were embedded. To determine the performance of the shielding material, three criteria were evaluated: (1) Dose Reduction Factor (), measured using inverse broad beam geometry; (2) uniformity, evaluated from the standard deviation () of the x‐ray image obtained using a clinical x‐ray imaging detector; and (3) elasticity, evaluated by a compression test.ResultsThe elastic shield with small pores, containing 1200 g/m2 of the metal element (Bi), exhibited a well‐balanced performance. The was approximately 80% for 70 kV diagnostic x‐rays. This shield's elasticity was −0.62 N/mm, a loss of only 30% when compared to porous polyurethane without metal. Although the non‐uniformity of the x‐ray shield leads to poor shielding ability, it was found that the decrease in the shielding ability can be limited to a maximum of 6% when the shield is manufactured so that the of the x‐ray image of the shield is less than 10%.ConclusionsIt was verified that an elastic x‐ray shield that offers an appropriate reduction in radiation exposure can be produced by embedding Bi2O3 particles into porous polyurethane. Our findings can lead to the development of novel x‐ray shielding products that can reduce the physical and mental stress on users.

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“…Monte Carlo N Particle Transport Code (MCNP5) is a computer algorithm based on random sampling, and is well-accepted as one of the simplest methods to assess the radiation shielding performance of materials. [26][27][28] The radiation source is defined by inputting the type, energy, geometric position, and incident direction of incident particles, which are tracked by probability statistics. After a particle passing through the transmission plane, it stops tracking and starts to simulate the next particle until all the particles are simulated.…”

Section: Shielding Features Of the Leadcontaining Plexiglassmentioning

confidence: 99%

Insight into the role of free volume in irradiation resistance to discoloration of lead‐containing plexiglass

Zhang

Chen

Zhao

et al. 2021

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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Lead‐containing plexiglass is prepared successfully via copolymerization of lead‐methacrylate (Pb(MAA)2 and the acrylic monomer such as methyl methacrylate, methyl acrylate, ethyl acrylate, and butyl acrylate. The results show that as‐prepared plexiglass has good photons shielding performance and resistance to the discoloration induced by radiation (10 kGy γ‐ray), and the alteration of shielding performance can be well described by the Monte Carlo Code simulations (MCNP5). Using two plasticized systems, the external‐plasticized one with various n‐octanoic acid concentrations and the internal‐plasticized one with different acrylic monomer, as the target samples, it is found that free volume plays dominant role in the irradiation resistance via the positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy and electron paramagnetic resonance characterizations. The larger the free volume, the greater the quenching probability of free radicals during irradiation. Because the primary type of radiation‐induced color centers are annealable color centers, the effect of annealing of irradiation‐induced discoloration of lead‐containing plexiglass is remarkable. Differing from common treatments of improving irradiation resistance, the increased free volume via plasticization gives plexiglass good resistance to discoloration. This study discloses valuable information around improving irradiation shielding performance and resistance to the radiation‐induced discoloration for the plexiglass‐based materials.

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Material characterization and Monte Carlo simulation of lead and non-lead X-Ray shielding materials

Cited by 25 publications

References 22 publications

Evaluating the X-ray-Shielding Performance of Graphene-Oxide-Coated Nanocomposite Fabric

Evaluating the X-ray-Shielding Performance of Graphene-Oxide-Coated Nanocomposite Fabric

Performance of elastic x‐ray shield made by embedding Bi₂O₃ particles in porous polyurethane

Insight into the role of free volume in irradiation resistance to discoloration of lead‐containing plexiglass

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Material characterization and Monte Carlo simulation of lead and non-lead X-Ray shielding materials

Cited by 25 publications

References 22 publications

Evaluating the X-ray-Shielding Performance of Graphene-Oxide-Coated Nanocomposite Fabric

Evaluating the X-ray-Shielding Performance of Graphene-Oxide-Coated Nanocomposite Fabric

Performance of elastic x‐ray shield made by embedding Bi2O3 particles in porous polyurethane

Insight into the role of free volume in irradiation resistance to discoloration of lead‐containing plexiglass

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Performance of elastic x‐ray shield made by embedding Bi₂O₃ particles in porous polyurethane