“…These issues cause high maintenance costs over the years and if not properly addressed can lead to loss of lives. In comparison with asphalt, concrete pavements have many advantages, including lower life cycle costs, greater resistance to wear, longer lifespan, reduced environmental impact, and easier management of maintenance and repairs [20]. In addition, concrete pavements are commonly utilized in high-load-bearing applications, such as highways, airports, and bridge decks, due to their durability and ability to provide long-lasting solutions [21].…”