Maternal and paternal genealogy of Eurasian taurine cattle (Bos taurus)

Abstract

Maternally inherited mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) has been used extensively to determine origin and diversity of taurine cattle (Bos taurus) but global surveys of paternally inherited Ychromosome diversity are lacking. Here, we provide mtDNA information on previously uncharacterised Eurasian breeds and present the most comprehensive Y-chromosomal microsatellite data on domestic cattle to date. The mitochondrial haplogroup T3 was the most frequent, whereas T4 was detected only in the Yakutian cattle from Siberia. The mtDNA data indicates that the Ukrainian and Central Asian regions are zones where hybrids between taurine and zebu (B. indicus) cattle have existed. This zebu influence appears to have subsequently spread into southern and southeastern European breeds. The most common Y-chromosomal microsatellite haplotype, termed here as H11, showed an elevated frequency in the Eurasian sample set compared with that detected in Near Eastern and Anatolian breeds. The taurine Ychromosomal microsatellite haplotypes were found to be structured in a network according to the Y-haplogroups Y1 and Y2. These data do not support the recent hypothesis on the origin of Y1 from the local European hybridization of cattle with male aurochsen. Compared with mtDNA, the intensive culling of breeding males and male-mediated crossbreeding of locally raised native breeds has accelerated loss of Ychromosomal variation in domestic cattle, and affected the contribution of genetic drift to diversity. In conclusion, to maintain diversity, breeds showing rare Y-haplotypes should be prioritised in the conservation of cattle genetic resources.

Y chromosome genetic diversity and breed relationships in nativePolish cattle assessed by microsatellite markers

“…Cattle history inferred from mitochondrial DNA markers suggests that cattle domestication involved at least two genetically distinct auroch species (Bos primigenius) in the Near East and the Indus Valley (Loftus et al, 1994;Troy et al, 2001). A similar division of modern domesticated cattle into the two main phylogenetic branches (taurine and zebu) was reported based on analysis of Y-chromosome haplotypes (Kantanen et al, 2009). Pérez-Pardal et al (2010a) distinguished three main groups of sires separated by evolutionary time that clearly predated domestication.…”

“…Fragment size of amplified DNA was determined on ABI 3130 Genetic Analyzer (Life Technologies, USA) using the GeneMapper software (version 4.0) and an internal size standard (GeneScan 500 LIZ Size Standard, Life Technologies, USA). The consistency of the sizes of different alleles was standardized by using breeds with fixed alleles analyzed by other authors (Kantanen et al, 2009). No amplification product was obtained when using control female DNA.…”

“…Otherwise, program default settings were applied in the network construction. The haplotype nomenclature was modeled on Kantanen et al (2009). Results for the two zebu bulls were chosen to represent the Bos indicus alleles for Y-chromosome microsatellites and used for haplotype network construction.…”

“…We amplified five Y-chromosomal microsatellites: INRA124, INRA189, BM861 (Edwards et al, 2000), BYM-1 (Ward et al, 2001), and DYZ1 (Kantanen et al, 2009) using 50-100 ng of DNA, the given amount of each primer (6 pmol for BYM-1 and DYZ1; 15 pmol for INRA189; 1.5 pmol for INRA124, and 3 pmol for BM861), and 1X AmpliTaq Gold 360 PCR Master Mix (Life Technologies, USA). The markers were PCR-amplified with annealing temperatures of 66 °C (BYM-1) and 60 °C (DYZ-1).…”

Multiple paternal origins of domestic cattle revealed by Y-specific interspersed multilocus microsatellites

“…The DNA studies regarding cattle Y-chromosomes are comparatively rare (Verkaar et al, 2004) and have mainly focused on the assessment of male-mediated migration patterns and admixture between B. taurus and B. indicus (Hanotte et al, 2000;Anderung et al, 2007;Edwards et al, 2007b) or the assessment of differences in diversity (Ginja et al, 2009;Kantanen et al, 2009). Recent analyses have identified five polymorphic sites on the cattle Y-chromosome (Gö therströ m et al, 2005), allowing the identification of three clusters (Y1, Y2 and Y3) in contemporary cattle, with Y1 being more frequent in B. taurus from north-western Europe, Y2 being dominant in B. taurus found in southern Europe and Anatolian cattle, and Y3 being exclusive to B. indicus.…”