Maternal Child-Rearing Attitudes and Role Satisfaction and Children's Temperament as Antecedents of Adolescent Depressive Tendencies: Follow-up Study of 6- to 15-Year-Olds

Parental socioeconomic position and parental life satisfaction as predictors of job strain in adulthood: 18-year follow-up of the Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study

“…This may prevent reliable comparisons of the present results with those reported in other studies using a standard scale, such as the Job Content Questionnaire [21] or the Satisfaction with Life scale [32]. However, in several other studies focusing on other research questions, the findings obtained by our nonstandard instruments have been comparable to those based on standard measures [11,13,19,20].…”

“…While a vast majority of studies testing this model have been done among adult populations [3 -6], the question of whether the level of job strain is, in part, determined by factors from a period before employment has received little attention. This is a limitation, as previous studies have shown that several preemployment factors may directly or indirectly contribute to environmental exposures in adulthood [7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15]. If this were also the case for job strain, then part of the association between job strain and coronary heart diseases might be attributable to confounding due to influences from childhood or adolescence.…”

“…Other potential preemployment determinants of adult job strain include negative emotional atmosphere in the family and parental life dissatisfaction, which are both found to predict several negative adulthood endpoints [11][12][13]. Dissatisfied parents may create a stressful environment for their children [11], in which the children do not learn adequate coping skills and abilities to control their lives.…”

Childhood and adolescence risk factors and development of depressive symptoms: the 32-year prospective Young Finns follow-up study

“…Depressive symptoms were assessed in 1997, 2001, 2007 and 2012, using a modified version of Beck's Depression Inventory (BDI) 40 41. In the present study, the participants were asked to rate 21 items (eg, “I often feel sad”) on a five-point scale ranging from totally disagree (1) to totally agree (5).…”

Adolescent Perceptions of Parental Behaviors, Adolescent Self-Esteem, and Adolescent Depressed Mood

“…Hence, adolescents who see their parents as using high levels of psychological control are at risk for internalizing problem behaviors such as lower self-esteem (Conger et al, 1997) and depression (Barber et al, 2005;Pettit, Laird, Dodge, Bates, & Criss, 2001). Other research found that higher levels of parental psychological control behaviors (as perceived by the adolescents or outside observers) relate to increased depressive symptoms in adolescents (Katainen, Raeikkoenen, Keskivaara & Keltikangas-Jaervinen, 1999;Robertson & Simons, 1989).…”