Maternal Flaxseed Diet During Lactation Programs Thyroid Hormones Metabolism and Action in the Male Adult Offspring in Rats

Abstract

Flaxseed has several benefits for health such as improvement in lipid profile; and since thyroid hormones increases cholesterol biliary excretion, we decide to evaluate the programming effect of maternal flaxseed diet during lactation upon thyroid hormone metabolism and action in the adult offspring in rats. At birth, lactating rats were divided into: flaxseed dams (F) - diet with 25% of flaxseed - and controls dams (C). F and C pups received normal diet after weaning and male offspring were sacrificed at 21 and 180 days old. We evaluated serum T3, T4, and TSH; type 1 and 2 deiodinase activities (D1 and D2) in the liver, thyroid, brown adipose tissue (BAT), and pituitary; thyroid hormone receptor (TRβ1) expression and mitochondrial glycerophosphate-dehydrogenase activity (GPDm) in the liver. F offspring showed lower T3 levels at weaning (-30%, p<0.05) probably caused by lower liver D1 activity (-32%, p<0.05) and higher TSH levels (+84.6%, p<0.05) characterizing a profile of hypothyroidism. At 180 days old, F offspring had lower T4 and thyroid D1 and D2 activities (-28.3%, -18.5%, and -44.2%, respectively, p<0.05) and higher BAT D2 activity (+34.5%, p<0.05). We suggest that adult F animals present an inappropriate TSH action on the thyroid, since thyroid deiodinase was lower. Serum T3 was normal probably due to a higher BAT D2 activity and may reflect the tissue T3 concentration because liver D1, TRβ1, and GPDm were normal. Thus, maternal flaxseed diet during lactation may affect the thyroid hormones metabolism in a long-term.

Maternal cinnamon extract intake during lactation leads to sex‐specific endocrine modifications in rat offspring

“…For example, flaxseed, which is known for its health benefits, in particular cardiovascular parameters, when supplemented during pregnancy and lactation in diabetic dams, protects the aortic remodeling in adult male offspring . However, flaxseed also results in lower thyroid hormone serum concentrations and higher insulinemia in male adult offspring when incorporated into the diet of health dams during lactation.…”