Mathematical models of particle crystallization in two-phase flows

Simulation of supersonic gas–particle flows expanding from the nozzle into rarefied atmosphere

“…A decrease in the speed of sound in the carrier gas leads to supersonic values of the relative Mach number (even at a small difference in the velocities of the gas and particles). Expansion of the carrier gas and an increase in the mean free path of molecules leads to a free molecular flow around individual particle, when a correction for the rarefaction of the flow is taken into account [4,5].…”

“…Combustion products of high-energy rocket propellants are multi-component mixtures with high stagnation temperatures. The presence of condensed particles in the combustion products leads to the formation of a two-phase flow, which develops under conditions of transition from the continuum flow regime to the rarefied flow regime [4,5]. Particles of the condensed phase not only affect the functioning of space technology, being deposited, for example, on the elements of optical systems, but are also long-lived formations, creating a special form of pollution of the space environment [6][7][8].…”