MATLAB Analysis of SP Test Results—An Unusual Parasympathetic Nervous System Activity in Low Back Leg Pain: A Case Report

Skorupska, Elżbieta; Dybek, Tomasz; Wotzka, Daria; Rychlik, Michał; Jokiel, Marta; Pakosz, Paweł; Konieczny, Mariusz; Domaszewski, Przemysław; Dobrakowski, Paweł

doi:10.3390/app12041970

Cited by 4 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…The common denominator in studies on the classification of athletes with disabilities is the role of the trunk in sports performance as it plays an important role in the generation and transmission of force during various sports activities. In fact, the motor behavior of the trunk can be easily assessed using EMG sensors evaluating muscle activity related to trunk stabilization [ 35 , 38 , 39 , 40 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Correlations between the EMG Structure of Movement Patterns and Activity of Postural Muscles in Able-Bodied and Wheelchair Fencers

Borysiuk

Błaszczyszyn

Piechota

et al. 2022

Sensors

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The study involved Paralympic wheelchair fencers (N = 7) in two disability categories, and able-bodied female epee fencers (N = 7), members of the polish paralympic fencing teams. The performance of postural muscles and sword arm muscles in both groups of fencers, and of the front and rear leg muscles in the able-bodied fencers, was examined using surface electromyography with an accelerometer and the OptiTrack motion analysis system, as well as ground force reaction platforms. The activation sequence of individual muscles was determined and the structure of movement patterns in able-bodied and wheelchair fencers was formulated. A statistically significant correlation was found between the complex motor reaction time and latissimus dorsi muscle activation (p = 0.039, Z = −2.062) in wheelchair fencers. High correlations between the vertical force and EMG signal values of the gastrocnemius caput laterale muscle (0.85 for p = 0.022) were found in able-bodied fencers. A heuristic analysis indicated the significance of postural muscles in the movement patterns of wheelchair and able-bodied fencers. These muscles play a crucial role in the anticipatory postural adjustment of the trunk during technical fencing actions, including attacks on the opponent’s body.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Correlations between the EMG Structure of Movement Patterns and Activity of Postural Muscles in Able-Bodied and Wheelchair Fencers

Borysiuk

Błaszczyszyn

Piechota

et al. 2022

Sensors

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“…In addition to that, in 2021, the IASP released clinical criteria for NcplP [ 10 ]. Other recently proposed methods of assessing NcplP are the Skorupska Protocol (SP) [ 4 , 58 ] and Nociplastic-based Fibromyalgia Features (NFF) [ 59 ]. The NFF criteria are focused on NcplP attributes and were reported to be helpful in the diagnosis of fibromyalgia [ 60 ].…”

Section: Diagnosismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The NFF criteria are focused on NcplP attributes and were reported to be helpful in the diagnosis of fibromyalgia [ 60 ]. Taking SP into account, it is a stress test during which an atypical vasomotor reaction may be observed with the use of an infrared thermal camera [ 58 ].…”

Section: Diagnosismentioning

confidence: 99%

What Do We Know about Nociplastic Pain?

et al. 2023

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Nociplastic pain is a recently distinguished type of pain, distinct from neuropathic and nociceptive pain, and is well described in the literature. It is often mistaken for central sensitization. Pathophysiology has not been clearly established with regard to alteration of the concentration of spinal fluid elements, the structure of the white and gray matter of the brain, and psychological aspects. Many different diagnostic tools, i.e., the painDETECT and Douleur Neuropathique 4 questionnaires, have been developed to diagnose neuropathic pain, but they can also be applied for nociplastic pain; however, more standardized instruments are still needed in order to assess its occurrence and clinical presentation. Numerous studies have shown that nociplastic pain is present in many different diseases such as fibromyalgia, complex regional pain syndrome type 1, and irritable bowel syndrome. Current pharmacological and nonpharmacological treatments for nociceptive and neuropathic pain are not entirely suitable for treating nociplastic pain. There is an ongoing effort to establish the most efficient way to manage it. The significance of this field has led to several clinical trials being carried out in a short time. The aim of this narrative review was to discuss the currently available evidence on pathophysiology, associated diseases, treatment possibilities, and clinical trials. It is important that physicians widely discuss and acknowledge this relatively new concept in order to provide optimized pain control for patients.

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“…Te sympathetic activity depended on the referred pain presence was also demonstrated. Tis additionally confrms the CS involvement in TrPs development [9][10][11]. Te other theories postulate that trigger points are just nociceptive peripheral sensation, denying their clinical importance or even questioning their existence [12].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 95%

A Potential Objective Sign of Central Sensitization: Referred Pain Elicited by Manual Gluteus Minimus Muscle Exploration is Coincident with Pathological Autonomic Response Provoked by Noxious Stimulation

Skorupska

Dybek

Rychlik

et al. 2023

Pain Research and Management

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Referred pain/sensation provoked by trigger points suits the nociplastic pain criteria. There is a debate over whether trigger points are related to a peripheral phenomenon or central sensitization (CS) processes. Referred pain is considered a possible sign of CS, which occurs probably mainly due to the abnormal activity of the immune and autonomic nervous systems. To confirm abnormal autonomic reactivity within the referred pain zone of active trigger points, a new diagnostic tool, the Skorupska Protocol® (the SP test®), was applied. The test uses noxious stimulation (10 minutes of dry needling under infrared camera control) as a diagnostic tool to confirm abnormal autonomic nervous system activity. A response to the SP test® of healthy subjects with referred pain sensations provoked by latent trigger points (LTrPs) stimulation was not explored before. The study aims at examining if LTrPs can develop an autonomic response. Methods. Two groups of healthy subjects, (i) gluteus minimus LTrPs with referred pain (n = 20) and (ii) control (n = 27), were examined using the SP test®. Results. Abnormal autonomic activity within the referred pain zone was confirmed for all analyzed LTrPs subjects. 70% of control subjects had no feature of vasodilatation and others presented minor vasomotor fluctuations. The size of vasomotor reactivity within the referred pain zone was LTrPs 11.1 + 10.96% vs. control 0.8 + 0.6% p < 0.05 . Conclusions. Noxious stimulation of latent TrPs induces abnormal autonomic nervous system activity within the referred pain zone. The observed phenomenon supports the concept of central nervous system involvement in the referred pain patomechanizm.

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MATLAB Analysis of SP Test Results—An Unusual Parasympathetic Nervous System Activity in Low Back Leg Pain: A Case Report

Cited by 4 publications

References 28 publications

Correlations between the EMG Structure of Movement Patterns and Activity of Postural Muscles in Able-Bodied and Wheelchair Fencers

Correlations between the EMG Structure of Movement Patterns and Activity of Postural Muscles in Able-Bodied and Wheelchair Fencers

What Do We Know about Nociplastic Pain?

A Potential Objective Sign of Central Sensitization: Referred Pain Elicited by Manual Gluteus Minimus Muscle Exploration is Coincident with Pathological Autonomic Response Provoked by Noxious Stimulation

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