Matrix effect in the analysis of drugs of abuse from urine with desorption atmospheric pressure photoionization-mass spectrometry (DAPPI-MS) and desorption electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (DESI-MS)

Suni, Niina M.; Lindfors, Pia; Laine, Outi; Östman, Pekka; Ojanperä, Ilkka; Kotiaho, Tapio; Kauppila, Tiina J.; Kostiainen, Risto

doi:10.1016/j.aca.2011.05.004

Cited by 52 publications

(52 citation statements)

References 54 publications

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“…However, APPI source is preferred because it has been shown to be less susceptible to matrix effects compared with APCI and ESI ion sources [18]. Desorption APPI source has even better tolerance over ESI and desorption ESI because the desorption process of Desorption APPI is thermal and only volatile or semivolatile compounds are efficiently evaporated to the gas phase [23]. Sometimes, switching of ionization polarity can also significantly reduce the matrix effects.…”

Section: Selection Of Api Ion Source and Polaritymentioning

confidence: 99%

Matrix Effects and Application of Matrix Effect Factor

2017

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Although, LC-MS is one of the most sensitive and selective analytical techniques, it often suffers from matrix effects, especially when using ESI for analyzing extracts of complicated matrices [1][2][3]. Matrix effects are often caused by the alteration of ionization efficiency of target analytes in the presence of co-eluting compounds in the same matrix. Matrix effects can be observed either as a loss in response (ion suppression) or as an increase in response (ion enhancement). Both the ion suppression and enhancement dramatically affect analytical performance of a method [4]. Therefore, matrix effects must be evaluated when validating an LC-MS method. Since, matrix effects were first observed, efforts have been devoted to understanding the mechanisms and minimizing them [5][6][7][8]. In this commentary article, the causes of matrix effects and methods for evaluating, minimizing and/or compensating for them are discussed. A novel concept, matrix effect factor (MEF) using stable isotopically labeled internal standards (SIL-ISs) is introduced and its application is presented. Since, SIL-ISs are usually added in the very beginning of the sample preparation procedure to compensate for matrix effects and recovery, the MEF reflects any loss/gain from both the sample preparation and 'conventional' matrix effects caused by co-eluting components during ionization in a mass spectrometer (MS) ion source. The causes of matrix effectSince, matrix effects were first observed for ESI MS in 1990s, several mechanisms have been proposed [5,6,9,10]. These include matrix components preventing analyte from gaining access to the charge, competing with analytes to gain charge, interfering with analyte's ability to remain charged in the gas phase, increasing surface tension of droplet or increasing electric resistance. Although, the exact mechanisms of matrix effects are still not fully understood, it has been widely accepted that the co-eluted matrix can alter ionization efficiency of target analytes and influence signal intensity due to the competition for the available charges and for the access to the droplet surface for gas-phase emission during the electrospray process [7,8]. Therefore, any process that changes the ionization efficiency and occurs in the liquid phase and gas phase, will cause matrix effects. For example, some studies showed that the presence of interfering compounds at a higher concentration could increase the viscosity and the surface tension of the droplets, which change the efficiency of their formation and evaporation. The changes in liquid phase could result in the alteration of the amount of charged ions in the gas phase. In addition, matrix components or mobile-phase additives that act as ion-pairing reagents usually reduce ionization efficiency and result in low response [9].Based on the available literature and our experiences, atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) and atmospheric pressure photoionization (APPI) sources have less matrix effects than an ESI source, because APCI utilizes gas-ph...

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Section: Selection Of Api Ion Source and Polaritymentioning

confidence: 99%

Matrix Effects and Application of Matrix Effect Factor

2017

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“…DAPPI uses the reactive chemistry of APPI and the analytes from surfaces are desorbed by a heated jet of gas and vaporized spray solvent [117]. DAPPI was shown to have a better matrix tolerance and to cause less contamination of the ion source when compared with DESI [118]. DAPPI-MS has also been demonstrated to be a suitable technology in environmental and food analysis [119].…”

Section: Dappi-hrmsmentioning

confidence: 98%

The role of direct high-resolution mass spectrometry in foodomics

et al. 2015

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Foodomics has been defined as a global discipline in which advanced analytical techniques and bioinformatics are combined to address different questions in food science and nutrition. There is a growing number of works on the development and application of non-targeted omics methods in foodomics, which reflects that this emerging discipline is already considered by the scientific community to be a valuable approach to assess food safety, quality, and traceability as well as for the study of the links between food and health. As a result, there is a clear need for more rapid, high-throughput MS approaches for developing and applying non-targeted studies. Nowadays, direct MS analysis is one of the main choices to achieve high throughput, generating a set of information from the largest possible number of samples in a fast and straightforward way. The use of high- and ultrahigh-resolution MS greatly improves the analytical performance and offers a good combination of selectivity and sensitivity. By using a range of methods for direct sample introduction/desorption/ionization, high-throughput and non-target analysis of a variety of samples can be obtained in a few seconds by HRMS analysis. In this review, a general overview is presented of the main characteristics of direct HRMS-based approaches and their principal applications in foodomics.

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“…The results are evaluated by comparing them with previously published LC-MS data from our laboratory [7] on the same sample set. Since DESI and DAPPI analysis of raw urine has been reported to result in MS instrument contamination [33], the samples were cleaned and concentrated with solid phase extraction (SPE) for the DESI analyses and liquid-liquid-extraction (LLE) for DAPPI following typical sample preparation procedures reported in literature for steroid conjugates and hydrolyzed steroids, respectively. An Orbitrap was used for the HRMS scan analyses, and the tentative identifications of DESI-HRMS were complemented by precursor ion scan measurements with a triple quadrupole (QqQ) MS.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%