“…There are many external cues which can induce various transcription factors (TFs) to act on the MMP‐9 promoter, though evidence linking the extracellular cues to the intracellular pathways is scarce. In cell culture models, MMP‐9 production has been shown to be regulated by external factors such as osmolarity shifts (Li et al, 2004), high glucose (Takahashi et al, 2000), plating density (Bargagna‐Mohan et al, 1999), phorbol esters (Fini et al, 1995), and several growth factors and cytokines including interleukin 1β (IL‐1β) (Li et al, 2001), tumor necrosis factor‐alpha (TNF‐α) (Li et al, 2001), transforming growth factor β (TGF‐β) (Li et al, 2001), basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF‐2) (Mohan et al, 2000), and platelet activating factor (PAF) (Tao et al, 1995). Additionally, hyaluronan and several sulfated GAGs have been shown to stimulate MMP‐9 in both dermal and corneal explants (Isnard et al, 2003).…”