Matrix metalloproteinases 2 and 9 in central nervous system and their modification after vanadium inhalation

Abstract

Vanadium (V) derivatives are well-known environmental pollutants and its toxicity has been related with oxidative stress. Toxicity after vanadium inhalation on the substantia nigra, corpus striatum, hippocampus and ependymal epithelium was reported previously. The purpose of this study was to analyse the role of matrix metalloproteinases 2 (MMP-2) and 9 (MMP-9) in the changes observed in brain tissue after chronic V inhalation. Mice were exposed to vaporized, vanadium pentoxide 0.02 m in deionized water for 1 h twice a week, and killed at 1 h, 1, 2 and 4 weeks after exposure. The brain was removed and the olfactory bulb, prefrontal cortex, striatum and hippocampus were dissected and the MMP content was obtained by zymography. The results showed that MMP-9 increased in all the structures at the end of the exposure, although in the hippocampus this increment was evident after 1 week of exposure. When MMP-2 was analysed in the olfactory bulb and prefrontal cortex it remained unchanged throughout the whole exposure, while in the hippocampus it increased at week 4, while in the striatum MMP-2 increased from the second week only, through the whole experiment. These results demonstrate that V increased MMPs in different structures of the CNS and this change might be associated with the previously reported modifications, such as dendritic spine loss and neuronal cell death. The modifications in MMPs could be related with blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption which was reported previously. Oxidative stress might also be involved in the activation of these gelatinases as part of the different mechanisms which take place in V toxicity in the CNS.

Vanadium Inhalation in a Mouse Model for the Understanding of Air‐Suspended Particle Systemic Repercussion

“…These modifications were extended to the choroid plexus in lateral ventricles [57]. Additionally, an increase in gelatinases MMP-9 and MMP-2 activation in the olfactory bulb, prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, and striatum were observed [59], changes that could be associated to previously reported dendritic remodeling in the tissues [60] (Figure 12). …”

MMP-9-Dependent Serum-Borne Bioactivity Caused by Multiwalled Carbon Nanotube Exposure Induces Vascular Dysfunction via the CD36 Scavenger Receptor

“…Furthermore, serum MMP-9 was found to be elevated in both mice and humans exposed to diesel emissions (Lund et al , 2009). Pulmonary MMP-9 expression has also been associated with vanadium (Colin-Barenque et al , 2008), a vanadium-laden particulate (Su et al , 2000), and metal fume (Palmer et al , 2006) exposures. Few studies have examined the pathophysiological implications of MMP-9 activity in mediating pulmonary or extrapulmonary outcomes of inhaled particulates.…”

The impact of environmental metals in young urbanites’ brains

“…Our interest in DNA repair genes rest in the evidence that their expression is a good indicator of oxidative stress (Powel et al 2005) and metals have well known oxidative, neurotoxic, neurodevelopmental and neurobehavioral effects (Barth et al 2002; Colin-Barenque et al 2008; Afeseh-Ngwa et al 2011; Todorich et al 2011; Winneke 2011;Yen et al 2011;Martinez et al 2011). Repair enzymes recognize and remove DNA adducts, correct the DNA sequence and rejoin strand breaks.…”