Maxillofacial-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells: Characteristics and Progress in Tissue Regeneration

Abstract

Maxillofacial-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MFSCs) are a particular collective type of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) that originate from the hard and soft tissue of the maxillofacial region. Recently, many types of MFSCs have been isolated and characterized. MFSCs have the common characteristics of being extremely accessible and amazingly multipotent and thus have become a promising stem cell resource in tissue regeneration. However, different MFSCs can give rise to different cell lineages, have different advantages in clinical use, and regulate the immune and inflammation microenvironment through paracrine mechanisms in different ways. Hence, in this review, we will concentrate on the updated new findings of all types of MFSCs in tissue regeneration and also introduce the recently discovered types of MFSCs. Important issues about proliferation and differentiation in vitro and in vivo, up-to-date clinical application, and paracrine effect of MFSCs in tissue regeneration will also be discussed. Our review may provide a better guide for the clinical use of MFSCs and further direction of research in MFSC regeneration medicine.

Mesenchymal stem cells and their derived exosomes for ALI/ARDS: A promising therapy

“…The field of regenerative medicine has increasingly recognized MSCs due to their convenient procurement, in vitro self-renewal, multidirectional differentiation, and migration potential [ 6 , 7 ]. Notably, MSCs exhibit attributes characterized by anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties, fostering tissue and organ regeneration, which play an indispensable role in various inflammatory and autoimmune diseases [ [8] , [9] , [10] ].…”

Taking Microbiota into Consideration in Mesenchymal Stem Cell Research

“…Maxillofacial-derived MSCs (MFSCs) have caught scientists’ attention due to their multipotentiality and easy accessibility. These stem cells have shown promise in teeth, periodontal tissue, and bone regeneration, as well as helping in wound healing (Yan et al 2021). However, the efficacy of MFSCs in clinical treatment is not as effective as the biological model, most likely due to the complex and dynamic oral microenvironment.…”

“…In addition to these well-studied populations, maxillofacial-derived MSCs (dental pulp stem cells, etc.) are favored in basic and clinical research due to their extreme ease of accessibility (Liu et al 2015; Yan et al 2021).…”

Deciphering the Epigenetic Code of Stem Cells Derived From Dental Tissues

“…Current identified DSCs are dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) (1,2), stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHED) (3), periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs) (4), dental follicle precursor cells (DFPCs) (5), stem cells from apical papilla (SCAP) (6), gingival-derived MSCs (GMSCs) (7), and alveolar bone marrow-derived MSCs (ABMSCs) (8,9). In vitro identification demonstrated that DSCs positively expressed MSC-related markers, including CD13, CD29, CD44, CD59, CD73, CD90, CD105, CD146, and STRO-1; while negatively expressed hematopoietic markers, such as CD14, CD31, CD34, and CD45 (10)(11)(12). The key pluripotency markers (Oct4, Sox2, and Nanog) that are involved in maintaining the undifferentiated state were also expressed in DSCs with different levels (13).…”

“…Emerging evidence has indicated that DSC fate is of great importance in directing their functions (11,24). Potentiated to osteogenesis, adipogenesis, chondrogenesis, neurogenesis, and angiogenesis, DSCs may facilitate multiple tissue regeneration (25).…”