“…methods consider, however, simple geometries such as line structures for linewidth metrology such as MONSEL 1 and MONSEL 2 from NIST (Lowney and Marx, '94;Lowney, 95a,b '96;Karabekov et al, 2003), or other specific applications as in Gauvin et al ('95). Other programs can simulate 3D structures using analytic descriptions such as constructive quadric geometry, constructive solid geometry, or similar approaches such as MCSEM by Gnieser et al (2008), PENELOPE by Salvat et al (2011), the CASINO series (Drouin et al, 2007;Demers et al, 2011), or similar projects presented in Ritchie (2005), Yan et al ('98), Ding and Li (2005), and Kieft and Bosch (2008), with an interesting application in Chee et al (2011).…”