Measurement and simulation of the 16/17 April 2010 Eyjafjallajökull volcanic ash layer dispersion in the northern Alpine region

Emeis, Stefan; Forkel, R.; Junkermann, W.; Flentje, H.; Gilge, Stefan; Fricke, Wolfgang; Wiegner, Matthias; Freudenthaler, Volker; Groβ, Silke; Ries, Ludwig; Meinhardt, F.; Birmili, W.; Münkel, Christoph; Obleitner, Friedrich; Suppan, P.

doi:10.5194/acp-11-2689-2011

Cited by 89 publications

(55 citation statements)

References 24 publications

(25 reference statements)

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“…These methods typically offer very accurate estimates of the height of the eruption column, but are only applicable to a few better-monitored volcanoes. Continuous ACTH measurements of volcanic ash layers can also be obtained from ground-based LiDARs, either near the volcano source where these instruments are deployed [11], or on the nodes of ceilometer and LiDAR networks [12][13][14][15].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stereoscopic Estimation of Volcanic Ash Cloud-Top Height from Two Geostationary Satellites

et al. 2016

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Abstract:The characterization of volcanic ash clouds released into the atmosphere during explosive eruptions includes cloud height as a fundamental physical parameter. A novel application is proposed of a method based on parallax data acquired from two geostationary instruments for estimating ash cloud-top height (ACTH). An improved version of the method with a detailed discussion of height retrieval accuracy was applied to estimate ACTH from two datasets acquired by two satellites in favorable positions to fully exploit the parallax effect. A combination of MSG SEVIRI (HRV band; 1000 m nadir spatial resolution, 5 min temporal resolution) and Meteosat-7 MVIRI (VIS band, 2500 m nadir spatial resolution, 30 min temporal resolution) was implemented. Since MVIRI does not acquire data at exactly the same time as SEVIRI, a correction procedure enables compensation for wind advection in the atmosphere. The method was applied to the Mt. Etna, Sicily, Italy, eruption of 23 November 2013. The height of the volcanic cloud was tracked with a top height of~8.5 km. The ash cloud estimate was applied to the visible channels to show the potential accuracy that will soon be achievable also in the infrared range using the next generation of multispectral imagers. The new constellation of geostationary meteorological satellites will enable full exploitation of this technique for continuous global ACTH monitoring.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stereoscopic Estimation of Volcanic Ash Cloud-Top Height from Two Geostationary Satellites

et al. 2016

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“…Many ceilometers only retrieve cloud base heights according to their original design, however, in the last years more attention has been paid to the potential of ceilometers for aerosol-related retrievals: studies were devoted to the validation of transport models (e.g. Emeis et al, 2011; and to the assessment of the mixing layer height (e.g. Eresmaa et al, 2006;Münkel et al, 2007;Haeffelin et al, 2011) taking advantage from the fact that aerosols are a good tracer for mixing processes in the troposphere.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Correction of water vapor absorption for aerosol remote sensing with ceilometers

Wiegner

Gasteiger

2015

Atmos. Meas. Tech.

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Abstract. In recent years attention was increasingly paid to backscatter profiles of ceilometers as a new source of aerosol information. Several case studies have shown that -although originally intended for cloud detection only -ceilometers can provide the planetary boundary layer height and even quantitative information such as the aerosol backscatter coefficient β p , provided that the signals have been calibrated. It is expected that the retrieval of aerosol parameters will become widespread as the number of ceilometers is steadily increasing, and continuous and unattended operation is provided. In this context however one should be aware of the fact that the majority of ceilometers provides signals that are influenced by atmospheric water vapor. As a consequence, profiles of aerosol parameters can only be retrieved if water vapor absorption is taken into account. In this paper we describe the influence of water vapor absorption on ceilometer signals at wavelengths around λ = 910 nm. Spectrally high-resolved absorption coefficients are calculated from HITRAN on the basis of realistic emission spectra of ceilometers. These results are used as a reference to develop a methodology ("WAPL") for routine and near-real time corrections of the water vapor influence. Comparison of WAPL with the reference demonstrates its very high accuracy. Extensive studies with simulations based on measurements reveal that the error when water vapor absorption is ignored in the β p -retrieval can be in the order of 20 % for mid-latitudes and more than 50 % for the tropics. It is concluded that the emission spectrum of the laser source should be provided by the manufacturer to increase the accuracy of WAPL, and that 910 nm is better suited than 905 nm. With WAPL systematic errors can be avoided, that would exceed the inherent errors of the Klett solutions by far.

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“…The ceilometer network of the German Weather Service measured the backscatter ratios at 36 stations in Germany Emeis et al, 2011). In addition, ozone sondes and in situ measurements taken at the Hohenpeißenberg observatory in Southern Germany, at the environmental research station Schneefernerhaus on the Zugspitze mountain in the German Alps and with an ultralight aircraft over Southern Germany delivered information about the presence, size, concentration and composition of the ash particles (Bukowiecki et al, 2011;Flentje et al, 2010;Emeis et al, 2011;Schäfer et al, 2011). Particle concentrations, size distributions and sulphur dioxide concentrations were also measured at the Swiss research station Jungfraujoch in the Alps (Bukowiecki et al, 2011).…”

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confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Lidars and sun photometers were used to measure aerosol optical depth, backscatter ratios and ash mass concentrations over Hamburg, Leipzig, Munich and other EARLINET stations in Germany Emeis et al, 2011;Gasteiger et al, 2011;Wiegner et al, 2011), southern Italy (Mona et al, 2011) and over Belsk in Poland (Pietruczuk et al, 2010). The ceilometer network of the German Weather Service measured the backscatter ratios at 36 stations in Germany Emeis et al, 2011). In addition, ozone sondes and in situ measurements taken at the Hohenpeißenberg observatory in Southern Germany, at the environmental research station Schneefernerhaus on the Zugspitze mountain in the German Alps and with an ultralight aircraft over Southern Germany delivered information about the presence, size, concentration and composition of the ash particles (Bukowiecki et al, 2011;Flentje et al, 2010;Emeis et al, 2011;Schäfer et al, 2011).…”

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confidence: 99%

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CARIBIC aircraft measurements of Eyjafjallajökull volcanic clouds in April/May 2010

Rauthe-Schöch¹,

Weigelt

Hermann

et al. 2012

Atmos. Chem. Phys.

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The Civil Aircraft for the Regular Investigation of the Atmosphere Based on an Instrument Container (CARIBIC) project investigates physical and chemical processes in the Earth's atmosphere using a Lufthansa Airbus long-distance passenger aircraft. After the beginning of the explosive eruption of the Eyjafjallajökull volcano on Iceland on 14 April 2010, the first CARIBIC volcano-specific measurement flight was carried out over the Baltic Sea and Southern Sweden on 20 April. Two more flights followed: one over Ireland and the Irish Sea on 16 May and the other over the Norwegian Sea on 19 May 2010. During these three special mission flights the CARIBIC container proved its merits as a comprehensive flying laboratory. The elemental composition of particles collected over the Baltic Sea during the first flight (20 April) indicated the presence of volcanic ash. Over Northern Ireland and the Irish Sea (16 May), the DOAS system detected SO<sub>2</sub> and BrO co-located with volcanic ash particles that increased the aerosol optical depth. Over the Norwegian Sea (19 May), the optical particle counter detected a strong increase of particles larger than 400 nm diameter in a region where ash clouds were predicted by aerosol dispersion models. Aerosol particle samples collected over the Irish Sea and the Norwegian Sea showed large relative enhancements of the elements silicon, iron, titanium and calcium. Non-methane hydrocarbon concentrations in whole air samples collected on 16 and 19 May 2010 showed a pattern of removal of several hydrocarbons that is typical for chlorine chemistry in the volcanic clouds. Comparisons of measured ash concentrations and simulations with the FLEXPART dispersion model demonstrate the difficulty of detailed volcanic ash dispersion modelling due to the large variability of the volcanic cloud sources, extent and patchiness as well as the thin ash layers formed in the volcanic clouds

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Measurement and simulation of the 16/17 April 2010 Eyjafjallajökull volcanic ash layer dispersion in the northern Alpine region

Cited by 89 publications

References 24 publications

Stereoscopic Estimation of Volcanic Ash Cloud-Top Height from Two Geostationary Satellites

Stereoscopic Estimation of Volcanic Ash Cloud-Top Height from Two Geostationary Satellites

Correction of water vapor absorption for aerosol remote sensing with ceilometers

CARIBIC aircraft measurements of Eyjafjallajökull volcanic clouds in April/May 2010

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