Measurement Quantization Unites Classical and Quantum Physics

Geiger, Jody A.

doi:10.4236/jhepgc.2018.42019

Cited by 6 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…There are several terms often used when describing galaxies. As we have introduced the nomenclature for describing expansion, consider now the expression for universal expansion ( [2], Equation (87)), 2 2 3.26239 13.799 90.035 bly…”

Section: Terminologymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The constant 2θ si is referred to as the system constant. With it universal expansion may be described using familiar terms ( [2], Equation (87)…”

Section: Mass Distributionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…with these parameters we may now summarize the mass distribution expressions starting with fundamental mass ( [2], Equation (93)) which is then used to derive…”

Section: Mass Distributionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Because our frame of reference is the universe, θ si carries no units. A complete derivation is provided in the first paper ( [2], Section 3.12). The advantage of this approach is that each distribution is clearly defined.…”

Section: Mass Distributionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For those new to Informativity, we will review gravity as described in the first paper [2]. We begin with the premise, that there exists a physically significant smallest unit of measure (i.e.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Measurement Quantization Describes Galactic Rotational Velocities, Obviates Dark Matter Conjecture

Geiger¹

2019

JHEPGC

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A physical description of the orbital mechanics of stars around a galactic core has proved difficult. Notably, there is insufficient mass to account for observed star velocities. The mystery is one of few in modern science that defy the known laws of physics. It has been conjectured that there is a new form of matter that interacts gravitationally while otherwise remaining undetectable. In this paper we resolve the mystery. The expressions do not modify the known laws of physics, contain no free variables or fitting and are entirely classical in nature. Using the notion of counts of the fundamental measures-length, mass and time-it is shown that measure is bounded. Accounting for this bound and the expansion of space reveal that the conjecture is unnecessary thus resolving the dark matter mystery.Units differ slightly from that resolved with measurement quantization, the latter units referred to as fundamental units and distinguished with a subscript f. By first describing gravity using the Pythagorean Theorem an approach to bounded measure may be applied. Resolving the upper bound to mass counts with respect to counts of the remaining two measures allows us to describe galactic orbital dynamics. Each relation is tightly constrained, a function of constants. When applied to the Milky Way, the minimum mass density, the crossover point between Newtonian and non-Newtonian behavior and the associated mass and velocity curves are resolved. The expansion of space is also integrated.Most importantly, a classical description is presented that does not require the presence of dark matter.After applying the approach to existing Milky Way data, the expressions are then modeled with an even mass distribution to demonstrate what an average of thousands of galaxies would look like. As expected, orbital velocities flat-line.The magnitude of that velocity is correlated to the excess mass above the mass frequency bound (i.e. the upper count bound of mass with respect to time).The presentation addresses the ΛCDM [1] dark matter distribution presently considered the leading candidate with respect to this phenomenon. Expressions for each distribution are presented, but ΛCDM is not used to resolve the distribution values. Instead measurement quantization [2] is used; an approach which differs from the Standard Model only in that it recognizes the physical significance of smallest units of measure. The advantage of this approach is that a base expression with no free variables may be resolved. The approach allows an inspection that resolves a concise understanding of distribution traits and differences.Also addressed are existing proposals. For one, MOND models have provided a good correlation with observed star velocities. Alternatives such as that used by McCulloch modify inertial mass by assuming it is caused by Unruh radiation [3]. Each of these approaches incorporates some element of data dependence, but it is their dependence on less established mass distribution and expansion expressions (i.e. ΛCDM) that present conflicts. The ...

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Section: Terminologymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The constant 2θ si is referred to as the system constant. With it universal expansion may be described using familiar terms ( [2], Equation (87)…”

Section: Mass Distributionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…with these parameters we may now summarize the mass distribution expressions starting with fundamental mass ( [2], Equation (93)) which is then used to derive…”

Section: Mass Distributionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Mass Distributionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Measurement Quantization Describes Galactic Rotational Velocities, Obviates Dark Matter Conjecture

Geiger¹

2019

JHEPGC

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Measurement quantization

Geiger¹

2023

Int. J. Geom. Methods Mod. Phys.

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We present principles of Measurement Quantization (MQ) and approaches to measurement that support the discreteness of measure. Several claims are addressed. Notably, that measure is discrete with respect to the internal frame, non-discrete with respect to the system frame and that length is contracted due to the discreteness of measure. We address the relation of angular measure to momentum, the physical significance of count bounds and that the fundamental measures — more precise expressions for Planck’s units — are an emergent property of the internal frame. Quantum experiments by Shwartz, et. al and CODATA provide physical support. We predict and derive values for elementary charge and the gravitational, Hubble, reduced Planck, electric, magnetic, Coulomb, and fine structure constants. We then correlate gravity with electromagnetism (unification). We present expressions for galactic rotation, dark matter, dark energy, and accelerating expansion. MQ advances over Loop Quantum Gravity with two frames, the difference which leads to the physical constants and the laws of nature. We correlate the quantum and cosmological, describing an inflation free quantum epoch, why it ceases and expansion. Therein are solutions to the horizon problem and homogenous, isotropic properties of the universe. Predictions include length contraction unrelated to special or general relativity (SR/GR), 13-digit measures of the gravitational constant, the Planck momentum, and universal mass accretion. A calculation of CMB age, quantity, present-day density and temperature provides additional support. Also offered, discrete solutions to the size and age of the universe, ground state orbital, SR, GR, and equivalence.

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Quantum Model of Gravity Unifies Relativistic Effects, Describes Inflation/Expansion Transition, Matches CMB Data

Geiger¹

2018

JHEPGC

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Presenting a unified model of motion and gravity has proved difficult as current approaches to quantum and classical physics are incompatible. Using measurement quantization-a model that demonstrates the physical significance of Planck's units of length, mass, and time-measure is expressed as counts of the fundamental units establishing a common framework for describing quantum and cosmological phenomena with expressions that are defined throughout the entire physical domain. Beginning with the Pythagorean Theorem, we demonstrate an understanding of measure with respect to static and moving references. The model is extended to include the measure of mass thus completing a single approach for describing the contraction and dilation of measure. With this new approach, relativistic effects are now described as properties of quantized finite units of measure. In support of the model, several descriptions of phenomena are resolved that match our most precise data such as the measure of dark energy, universal expansion, mass distribution, and the age of the Cosmic Microwave Background.

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Measurement Quantization Unites Classical and Quantum Physics

Cited by 6 publications

References 25 publications

Measurement Quantization Describes Galactic Rotational Velocities, Obviates Dark Matter Conjecture

Measurement Quantization Describes Galactic Rotational Velocities, Obviates Dark Matter Conjecture

Measurement quantization

Quantum Model of Gravity Unifies Relativistic Effects, Describes Inflation/Expansion Transition, Matches CMB Data

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