Measuring and modelling of apple flower stigma temperature as a step towards improved fire blight prediction

Rougerie-Durocher, Sébastien; Philion, V.; Szalatnay, D.

doi:10.1016/j.agrformet.2020.108171

Cited by 7 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…Thermography techniques (Usamentiaga et al, 2014;Tattersall, 2016;Vollmer and Möllmann, 2017), were used to monitor floral temperature. The protocols used are in line with established best practices (Harrap et al, 2018) and have been used previously to evaluate and monitor floral temperature traits (Lamprecht et al, 2006(Lamprecht et al, , 2007Lamprecht and Seymour, 2010;Rejšková et al, 2010;Dietrich and Körner, 2014;Faye et al, 2016;Harrap et al, 2017;Dakhiya and Green, 2019;Byerlay et al, 2020;Rougerie-Durocher et al, 2020;Harrap and Rands, 2021b), All thermal imaging was conducted by a qualified thermographer (see author contributions) with a FLIR E60bx thermal camera (FLIR systems, Inc., Wilsonville, USA). The camera can also record human-visible colour images together with each thermal image and assigns a date and time taken to each image.…”

Section: Floral Thermograph Proceduresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Variations of floral temperature in changing weather conditions

Harrap,

de Vere,

Hempel de Ibarra

et al. 2024

Preprint

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1. Floral temperature is a flower characteristic that has the potential to impact the fitness of flowering plants and their pollinators. Likewise, the presence of floral temperature patterns, areas of contrasting temperature across the flower, can have similar impacts on the fitness of both mutualists. 2. It is currently poorly understood how floral temperature changes under the influence of different weather conditions, and how floral traits may moderate these changes. Such weather dependency will impact how stable floral temperatures are over time and their utility to plant and pollinator. The stability of floral temperature cues is likely to facilitate effective plant-pollinator interactions and play a role in the plant's reproductive success. 3. We use thermal imaging to monitor how floral temperatures and temperature patterns of four plant species (Cistus 'snow fire' and 'snow white', Coreopsis verticillata and Geranium psilostemon) change with several weather variables (illumination, temperature; windspeed; cloud cover; humidity and pressure) during times that pollinators are active. 4. All weather variables influenced floral temperature in one or more species. The directionality of these relationships were similar across species. In all species light conditions (illumination) had the greatest influence on floral temperature overall, and in generation of contrasting temperatures between parts of the flower, temperature patterns. The effect sizes of other weather variables were lower and more varied across the four species. Most likely, floral traits such as pigmentation and structure influence these relationships between weather conditions and generation of floral temperature. 5. Synthesis: Floral temperature and the extent to which flowers showed contrasting temperature patterns were influenced predominantly by light conditions. However, several weather variables had additional, lesser, influences. Furthermore, differences in floral traits, pigmentation and structure, likely resulted in differences in temperature responses to given conditions between species and different parts of the same flower. However, floral temperatures and contrasting temperature patterns that are sufficiently elevated for detection by pollinators were maintained across most conditions if flowers received moderate illumination. This suggests the presence of elevated floral temperature and contrasting temperature patterns are fairly constant and may have potential to influence plant-pollinator interactions across weather conditions.

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Section: Floral Thermograph Proceduresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Variations of floral temperature in changing weather conditions

Harrap,

de Vere,

Hempel de Ibarra

et al. 2024

Preprint

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“…It also plays a role in how flowers interact with other organisms, acting as a floral reward for pollinators [16][17][18][19][20] and a floral cue influencing pollinator innate preferences [21][22][23][24] and learning [25][26][27][28][29][30]. However, floral temperature can become a deterrent to flower visitors when flowers overheat [22,31] and, floral temperature can influence floral susceptibility to disease [32][33][34]. Consequently, accurate measurement of floral temperature is key to botanical research [6] and may have important applications in horticultural industries [33][34][35][36], particularly in monitoring the risk of plant disease and in monitoring the quality of floriculture produce.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, floral temperature can become a deterrent to flower visitors when flowers overheat [22,31] and, floral temperature can influence floral susceptibility to disease [32][33][34]. Consequently, accurate measurement of floral temperature is key to botanical research [6] and may have important applications in horticultural industries [33][34][35][36], particularly in monitoring the risk of plant disease and in monitoring the quality of floriculture produce.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Infrared thermography (also called thermal imaging) has been utilised on several occasions to study floral temperature (e.g. [23,24,28,34,[37][38][39][40][41][42][43]). As thermography is non-contact, highly responsive, and allows simultaneous measurements of temperature across a target, it has many advantages over other methods of measuring floral temperature.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Consequentially, previous floral thermography studies (e.g. [23,28,34,[37][38][39][40][41][42][43]) have used emissivity estimates made of vegetative tissues of plants (primarily leaves), frequently those made by Gates [50], Idso et al [51], Rubio et al [52] and López et al [53]. Emissivity values used for thermography of vegetation are on average 0.957 ± 0.038 (mean ± SD), but range from 0.8 to 1 [49].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Floral infrared emissivity estimates using simple tools

Harrap

Rands

2021

Plant Methods

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Background Floral temperature has important consequences for plant biology, and accurate temperature measurements are therefore important to plant research. Thermography, also referred to as thermal imaging, is beginning to be used more frequently to measure and visualize floral temperature. Accurate thermographic measurements require information about the object’s emissivity (its capacity to emit thermal radiation with temperature), to obtain accurate temperature readings. However, there are currently no published estimates of floral emissivity available. This is most likely to be due to flowers being unsuitable for the most common protocols for emissivity estimation. Instead, researchers have used emissivity estimates collected on vegetative plant tissue when conducting floral thermography, assuming these tissues to have the same emissivity. As floral tissue differs from vegetative tissue, it is unclear how appropriate and accurate these vegetative tissue emissivity estimates are when they are applied to floral tissue. Results We collect floral emissivity estimates using two protocols, using a thermocouple and a water bath, providing a guide for making estimates of floral emissivity that can be carried out without needing specialist equipment (apart from the thermal camera). Both protocols involve measuring the thermal infrared radiation from flowers of a known temperature, providing the required information for emissivity estimation. Floral temperature is known within these protocols using either a thermocouple, or by heating the flowers within a water bath. Emissivity estimates indicate floral emissivity is high, near 1, at least across petals. While the two protocols generally indicated the same trends, the water bath protocol gave more realistic and less variable estimates. While some variation with flower species and location on the flower is observed in emissivity estimates, these are generally small or can be explained as resulting from artefacts of these protocols, relating to thermocouple or water surface contact quality. Conclusions Floral emissivity appears to be high, and seems quite consistent across most flowers and between species, at least across petals. A value near 1, for example 0.98, is recommended for accurate thermographic measurements of floral temperature. This suggests that the similarly high values based on vegetation emissivity estimates used by previous researchers were appropriate.

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Variations of floral temperature in changing weather conditions

Harrap,

de Vere,

Hempel de Ibarra

et al. 2024

Ecology and Evolution

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Floral temperature is a flower characteristic that has the potential to impact the fitness of flowering plants and their pollinators. Likewise, the presence of floral temperature patterns, areas of contrasting temperature across the flower, can have similar impacts on the fitness of both mutualists. It is currently poorly understood how floral temperature changes under the influence of different weather conditions, and how floral traits may moderate these changes. The way that floral temperature changes with weather conditions will impact how stable floral temperatures are over time and their utility to plants and pollinators. The stability of floral temperature cues is likely to facilitate effective plant–pollinator interactions and play a role in the plant's reproductive success. We use thermal imaging to monitor how floral temperatures and temperature patterns of four plant species (Cistus ‘snow fire’ and ‘snow white’, Coreopsis verticillata and Geranium psilostemon) change with several weather variables (illumination, temperature; windspeed; cloud cover; humidity and pressure) during times that pollinators are active. All weather variables influenced floral temperature in one or more species. The directionality of these relationships was similar across species. In all species, light conditions (illumination) had the greatest influence on floral temperatures overall. Floral temperature and the extent to which flowers showed contrasting temperature patterns were influenced predominantly by light conditions. However, several weather variables had additional, lesser, influences. Furthermore, differences in floral traits, pigmentation and structure, likely resulted in differences in temperature responses to given conditions between species and different parts of the same flower. However, floral temperatures and contrasting temperature patterns that are sufficiently elevated for detection by pollinators were maintained across most conditions if flowers received moderate illumination. This suggests the presence of elevated floral temperature and contrasting temperature patterns are fairly constant and may have potential to influence plant–pollinator interactions across weather conditions.

show abstract

Measuring and modelling of apple flower stigma temperature as a step towards improved fire blight prediction

Cited by 7 publications

References 32 publications

Variations of floral temperature in changing weather conditions

Variations of floral temperature in changing weather conditions

Floral infrared emissivity estimates using simple tools

Variations of floral temperature in changing weather conditions

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