Measuring bedload grain-size distributions with passive acoustic measurements

Abstract

Bedload Self-Generated Noise (SGN) measurements consist in deploying an underwater microphone (i.e. a hydrophone) in the water course and to record the ambient noise of a river. The use of hydrophones is of interest as it can be easily deployed and can provide a continuous monitoring of bedload transport. However, developments are still required to fully understand how bedload characteristics (e.g. specific flux or granulometry) are related to bedload SGN parameters (e.g. acoustic power and spectrum). Laboratory experiments have shown that central and peak frequencies of bedload noise decrease as the particle size increases, just like in string instruments where the tone frequency decreases from a narrow string to a broader string. In this paper, we propose to test a new inverse method enabling the estimation of bedload grain size distributions from SGN measurements. The inverse method is based on a theoretical modelling of the noise generated by a bedload mixture. SGN and physical sampling measurements have been made in 5 French alpine rivers having several transport conditions (bedload D50 from 1 to 40 mm) and varying slopes (0.05 to 1%). Measurements were made for specific bedload flux varying from 10 to 150 g.m-1s-1. The proposed inverse method was used to estimate the bedload grain size distributions. SGN results are compared to bedload samples and are found to largely overestimate sampled granulometries. Finally, it is observed that the spectral characteristics of bedload SGN are not related to bedload GSD but rather to the roughness of the river bed, acting as a source of attenuation and shaping bedload SGN spectra.

A Physical Model for Acoustic Noise Generated by Bedload Transport in Rivers

“…(2018). However, the inversion results overestimate sampled values for five gravel‐bed (Geay, Zanker, Hauet, et al., 2018; Geay, Zanker, Petrut, et al., 2018), suggesting that the acoustic power measured in rivers may not adequately capture the finest materials contained in bedload.…”

“…The first monitoring of bedload SGN by hydrophone was performed on the Isére River by Braudeau (1951) using a microphone connected to an amplifier. Following studies have demonstrated that the acoustic power of bedload SGN was mainly correlated to bedload flux in controlled experiments (Johnson & Muir, 1969; Thorne, 1986), and field studies (Barton et al., 2010; Geay, Zanker, Petrut, et al., 2018; Marineau et al., 2012). Moreover, the Power Spectral Density (PSD, the variation of power with frequency in $${\text{Pa}}^{2}\cdot {\text{Hz}}^{\mbox{-}1}\hspace*{.5em}$$) of the acoustic signal may also contain information on the transported diameters (Petrut et al., 2018; Thorne, 1986; Thorne & Foden, 1988).…”

“…Furthermore, the spectral content of the acoustic measurements did not confirm the relationship between frequency and bedload diameter (Equation 1) found by Thorne in laboratory experiments. Propagation effects are suspected of playing a significant role by affecting the spectral content of bedload SGN measured in the field (Geay, Zanker, Hauet, et al., 2018; Geay, Zanker, Misset, et al., 2020; Geay, Zanker, Petrut, et al., 2018; Geay et al., 2019).…”

“…An inversion method that solves the issue of spectrum shape and estimates the entire bedload GSD curve has been proposed by Petrut et al (2018). However, the inversion results overestimate sampled values for five gravel-bed (Geay, Zanker, Hauet, et al, 2018;Geay, Zanker, Petrut, et al, 2018), suggesting that the acoustic power measured in rivers may not adequately capture the finest materials contained in bedload.…”

“…3 of 20 experiments. Propagation effects are suspected of playing a significant role by affecting the spectral content of bedload SGN measured in the field (Geay, Zanker, Hauet, et al, 2018;Geay, Zanker, Petrut, et al, 2018;Geay et al, 2019).…”