Measuring Epidemiologic Effects of Enterococcal Bacteremia and Outcomes From a Nationwide Inpatient Sample Database

Abstract

IntroductionEnterococcus is a gram-positive, non-sporing, facultative anaerobe. It is a common cause of nosocomial infections in the United States. Enterococcal bacteremia is primarily a nosocomial infection in the medical intensive care unit (ICU), with a preference for elderly patients with multiple comorbidities. Material and methodsThis is a retrospective cohort study using the publicly accessible National (Nationwide) Inpatient Sample (NIS) database from October 2015 to December 2017. We examined data from 75,430 patients aged 18 years and older in the NIS who developed enterococcal bacteremia, as identified from the ICD-10 CM codes (B95), to discuss the epidemiologic effects and outcomes of enterococcal bacteremia. Patients were classified based on demographics, and comorbidities were identified. Three primary outcomes were studied: in-hospital mortality, length of stay, and healthcare cost. The secondary outcome was identifying any comorbidities associated with enterococcal bacteremia. Length of stay was defined as days from admission to discharge or death. Healthcare costs were estimated from the hospital perspective from hospital-level ratios of costs-tocharges. SAS 9.4 (2013; SAS Institute Inc., Cary, North Carolina, United States) was used for univariate and multivariate analyses. For data analysis, mortality was modeled using logistic regression. Length of stay and costs were modeled using linear regression, controlling for patient and hospital characteristics. Statistical analyses were performed using SAS. Statistical significance was defined as P<0.05. ResultsA total of 75,430 patients with enterococcal bacteremia were included in the study. Of this, 44,270 were males and 31,160 females. A total of 50,270 (68.67%) were Caucasians, 11,210 (15.31%) were African Americans, 6,445 (8.80%) were Hispanic and 2,025 (2.77%) were native Americans. Important comorbidities were congestive heart failure (25.91%), valvular disease (8.08%), neurological complications (11.87%), diabetes mellitus with complications (18.89%), renal failure (28.52%), and obesity (11.61%). In-hospital mortality was 11.07%, length of stay was 13.8 days, and a healthcare cost of 41,232.6 USD. ConclusionsEnterococcal bacteremia is a nosocomial infection with a preference for the elderly with renal failure, cardiac failure, cardiac valvular diseases, stroke, obesity, and diabetes with complications. Further studies are needed to see whether the mortality caused by enterococcal bacteremia is attributable to comorbidities or to the bacteremia. It is associated with a more extended hospital stay and higher healthcare expenditure. Implementing contact precautions to contain the spread of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus (VRE) has also checked the spread of enterococci. Further prospective studies can be planned using chart-based data.