Measuring Nanomaterial Release from Carbon Nanotube Composites: Review of the State of the Science

Harper, Stacey L.; Wohlleben, Wendel; Doa, Maria J.; Nowack, Bernd; Clancy, Shaun F.; Canady, Richard; Maynard, Andrew

doi:10.1088/1742-6596/617/1/012026

Cited by 53 publications

(52 citation statements)

References 70 publications

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“…MWCNTs mainly due to their excellent mechanical properties, electrical and thermal conductivity combined with relatively low density offer great potential for the exploitation of MWCNT‐filled polymers in electronic, automotive, aerospace, and bioengineering applications . Many thermoplastic polymers have been filled with MWCNTs using various preparation techniques including, in situ polymerization, calendaring, solution mixing methods, spinning, and melt mixing, the latter because this process has widespread use in industry.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…After dilution the MWCNT dispersion is improved but still some MWCNTs agglomerates remain in the composite material . From a technical and practical point of view, the masterbatch route is safer because it excludes the use of powder MWCNTs and eliminates potential environmental and health and safety hazards . Many processing parameters associated with the melt‐mixing process have an effect on the different states of MWCNTs dispersion and distribution in polymer matrices, all governing the final properties of the (nano)composite material.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Hot‐melt adhesives based on co‐polyamide and multiwalled carbon nanotubes

Latko-Durałek

Macutkevič

Kay

et al. 2017

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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Composites of two hot melt adhesives based on co‐polyamides, one high viscosity (coPA_A), the other low viscosity (coPA_B), and multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were prepared using twin‐screw extrusion via dilution of masterbatches. Examination of these composites across the length scales confirmed that the MWCNTs were uniformly dispersed and distributed in the polymer matrices, although some micron size agglomerations were also observed. A rheological percolation was determined from oscillatory rheology measurements at a mass fraction of MWCNTs below 0.01 for coPA_B and, between 0.01 and 0.02 for coPA_A. Significant increases in complex viscosity and storage modulus confirmed the “pseudo‐solid” like behavior of the composite materials. Electrical percolation, determined from dielectric spectroscopy was, found to be at 0.03 and 0.01 MWCNT mass fraction for coPA_A and coPA_B based composites, respectively. Addition of MWCNTs resulted in heterogeneous nucleation and altered the crystallization kinetics of both copolymers. Indirect evidence from contact angle measurements and surface energy calculations confirmed that MWCNT addition enhanced the adhesive properties of coPA_B to a level similar to coPA_A. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018, 135, 45999.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hot‐melt adhesives based on co‐polyamide and multiwalled carbon nanotubes

Latko-Durałek

Macutkevič

Kay

et al. 2017

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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“…In case, the MWCNTs-SCNTs filled polymers lose their resin, the carbon nanotubes could be individualized, and potentially be an exposure source ( Figure 5(A,B)) (Harper et al 2015). The question is in a composite like environment, what would be the exposure risk with a particular lifecycle of a material?…”

Section: Protocols Data Gaps and Challenges For Safer Nanomaterials mentioning

confidence: 99%

Review of emerging concepts in nanotoxicology: opportunities and challenges for safer nanomaterial design

Singh

Laux

Luch

et al. 2019

Toxicology Mechanisms and Methods

170

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Nanotoxicology and nanosafety has been a topic of intensive research for about more than 20 years. Nearly 10 000 research papers have been published on the topic, yet there exists a gap in terms of understanding and ways to harmonize nanorisk assessment. In this review, we revisit critically ignored parameters of nanoscale materials (e.g. band gap factor, phase instability and silver leaching problem, defect and instability plasmonic versus inorganic particles) versus their biological counterparts (cell batch-to-batch heterogeneity, biological barrier model design, cellular functional characteristics) which yield variability and nonuniformity in results. We also emphasize system biology approaches to integrate the high throughput screening methods coupled with in vivo and in silico modeling to ensure quality in nanosafety research. We emphasize and highlight the recommendation regarding bridging the mechanistic gaps in fundamental research and predictive biological response in nanotoxicology. The research community has to develop visions to predict the unforeseen problems that do not exist yet in context with nanotoxicity and public health hazards due to the burgeoning use of nanomaterial in consumer's product. ARTICLE HISTORY

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“…In recent years, several experimental studies concerning release into air or water from solid nanocomposites, especially for the plastic, paint and coating industry, were performed, [15][16][17] whereof some dealt also with the impact of the materials life cycle, [18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25] i.e., the effect on release by the change of material properties due to aging. An increasing number of studies concerning the release or exposure characterisation emerges for concretes [26][27][28][29][30][31][32] or hardened cement pastes, 19,[33][34][35] but rarely differentiate the influence of nanomaterial additives.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%