Measuring Spatial Justice Indices in the Traditional Islamic Cities by Using GIS, An-Najaf Holy City, Iraq A Case Study

Abstract

Iraq includes several traditional Islamic cities, and they share many spatial and social characteristics. A question has often been raised about these cities' ability to achieve spatial justice for their current residents. Therefore, the research aims to answer this question by following a specific methodology based on the derivation of factors and indices of spatial justice through previous literature, then measuring the indices derived in the ancient Najaf city as an example of traditional Islamic cities. The research found that there are five main factors for spatial justice, which are: spatial diversity, spatial connectivity, spatial resilience, spatial security, and spatial empowerment, which in turn are divided into ten indices. These indices were measured in Najaf city. It became clear that the mixed land use index, spatial connectivity indices, and spatial security indices were well achieved, while the mixed residential patterns and spatial empowerment indices did not achieve well. As for spatial resilience, changes occurred in the land uses. However, these changes were not the result of social and cultural changes or according to the city residents' needs. Instead, they occurred due to economic changes that primarily serve the visitors and arrivals to the city.

Application of Digital Image Processing and GIS Technology in the Evaluation of Rationality of Urban and Rural Planning Spatial Layout

“…e literature [8] used the spatial analysis and statistical functions of GIS to analyze the development law of urban and rural construction land, the current situation and characteristics of land, etc., and design the overall plan, which better solved the contradiction between urban and rural construction land, optimizes the land structure, promotes the coordinated development of urbanization and social economy, and narrows the urban-rural gap. e literature [9] used GIS three-dimensional visualization technology to study the layout of villages and simulates three-dimensional virtual landscapes with software modules, which more intuitively expressed the results of three-dimensional planning, made it easier for people to accept, and was conducive to analysis and evaluation of villages and towns from multiple angles to obtain more scientific and feasible planning schemes. e literature [10] took technical support to determine the applicability of urban and rural land through the evaluation of the ecological and distribution suitability of the land to guide the layout of urban and rural land and optimize the urban and rural space.…”

Application of Watson Visual Perception Model in Nanchang VI Visual Image Recognition Design

“…It is recommended to locate the overall style of the city and deduct the overall style to carry out urban construction. Literature [ 10 ] proposes a city visual recognition system. The following aspects should be considered in the construction of the project: comprehensive construction of urban information system, unified standardization of road signs, street signs, street lamps, garbage bins, unit signs, and the styles of stations in the city; creation of square culture; creation of hardware facilities for urban cultural landscapes; attention; unification of urban economic, social, cultural, and environmental benefits; establishment of influential large-scale cultural activities; change of mixed industrial and agricultural structures such as vegetable farms; creation of cultural groups with international influence [ 11 ].…”

Design Method of Smart City Public Planning under the Constraint of Public Acceptability

“…In addition to serving citizens, the intelligent city public service platform also shoulders the responsibility of serving enterprises and other social groups that promote industrial upgrading and economic transformation [10]. e realization of the intelligent development of the urban public service platform itself and its target positioning is not only whether it is intelligent but also closely related to the supply system of urban public products and services [11]. At present, the urban public service system still retains many characteristics of the era of planned economy, mainly relying on the supply of state finance, and the main body of public goods and services are mostly state-owned enterprises or institutions, such as the urban public transportation system, medical and health system, science, education and culture system, and electric water supply system, [12].…”