Meat consumption and the risk of type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies

Aune, Dagfinn; Ursin, Giske; Veierød, Marit B.

doi:10.1007/s00125-009-1481-x

Cited by 311 publications

(244 citation statements)

References 65 publications

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“…The high levels of sodium and nitrate preservatives in processed meats may raise blood pressure, which may increase the risk of incident PAD (39). Meta-analyses have shown consistent and positive associations between meat and another risk factor for PAD, type 2 diabetes, as was found in this study (data not shown) (40). Additionally, intake of heme iron has been consistently associated with type 2 diabetes (34).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 70%

Dietary intake and peripheral arterial disease incidence in middle-aged adults: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study ,

Ogilvie

Lutsey

Heiss

et al. 2017

The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition

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Background: Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) is a costly source of morbidity and mortality among older persons in the United States. Dietary intake plays a role in the development of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease; however, few studies have examined the relation of food intake or dietary patterns with PAD. Objective: We examined the relation between habitual dietary intake at midlife and incident PAD over w20 y of follow-up. Design: Among 14,082 participants enrolled in the ARIC (Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities) Study initially free of PAD, dietary intake was assessed at baseline in 1987-1989 by using a modified Harvard food-frequency questionnaire. Food groups were created, and principal components analysis was used to develop "healthy" and "Western" dietary patterns; both were categorized into quintiles or quartiles. Incident PAD was determined by an ankle-brachial index ,0.9 assessed at 2 subsequent examinations and hospital discharge codes through 2012. Multivariate-adjusted Cox proportional hazards regression was used. Results: During a mean follow-up of 19.9 y, 1569 participants developed incident PAD. In models adjusted for demographic characteristics, behaviors, and food groups, the HRs (95% CIs) for incident PAD increased across quintiles of meat consumption [quintile 1: reference, quintile

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 70%

Dietary intake and peripheral arterial disease incidence in middle-aged adults: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study ,

Ogilvie

Lutsey

Heiss

et al. 2017

The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition

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show abstract

“…In the review by Aune et al (12 cohort studies from the USA, Europe, Asia and Australia) [4], a statistically significant positive association between total red meat and processed meat and type 2 diabetes risk emerged (21% and 41% increased risk for highest vs lowest intake, respectively), while total meat consumption was not significantly associated. In the review by Micha et al (seven cohort studies from the USA, Germany and China) [5], a statistically significant positive association emerged between processed meat and the combination of processed and unprocessed red meat and risk of type 2 diabetes (19% and 12% increased risk for 50 and 100 g/day, respectively), which is well in agreement with our estimates.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Three recent meta-analyses of prospective studies emphasised that a diet rich in red and processed meat consumption is an important and independent contributor to type 2 diabetes risk [4][5][6]. In these meta-analyses a large…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Association between dietary meat consumption and incident type 2 diabetes: the EPIC-InterAct study

et al. 2012

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Aims/hypothesis A diet rich in meat has been reported to contribute to the risk of type 2 diabetes. The present study aims to investigate the association between meat consumption and incident type 2 diabetes in the EPIC-InterAct study, a large prospective case-cohort study nested within the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) study. Methods During 11.7 years of follow-up, 12,403 incident cases of type 2 diabetes were identified among 340,234 adults from eight European countries. A centre-stratified random subsample of 16,835 individuals was selected in order to perform a case-cohort design. Prentice-weighted Cox regression analyses were used to estimate HR and 95% CI for incident diabetes according to meat consumption. Results Overall, multivariate analyses showed significant positive associations with incident type 2 diabetes for increasing consumption of total meat (50 g increments: HR 1.08; 95% CI 1.05, 1.12), red meat (HR 1.08; 95% CI 1.03, 1.13) and processed meat (HR 1.12; 95% CI 1.05, 1.19), and a borderline positive association with meat iron intake. Effect modifications by sex and class of BMI were observed. In men, the results of the overall analyses were confirmed. In women, the association with total and red meat persisted, although attenuated, while an association with poultry consumption also emerged (HR 1.20; 95% CI 1.07, 1.34). These associations were not evident among obese participants. Conclusions/interpretation This prospective study confirms a positive association between high consumption of total and red meat and incident type 2 diabetes in a large cohort of European adults.

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“…26,27 Our finding is in keeping with a meta-analysis of 12 cohort studies where consumption of processed and red meat associated with increased diabetes risk. 28 These findings raise concern about current promotions of high-protein diets for weight loss. 29 One strength of this study was its prospective cohort design, which minimized recall and selection biases.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Carbohydrate substitution for fat or protein and risk of type 2 diabetes in male smokers

et al. 2012

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BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES:We examined the associations between carbohydrate substitutions (total; low-, medium-, high-glycemic index (GI) carbohydrates) for fat or protein and risk of type 2 diabetes. SUBJECTS/METHODS: The cohort comprised 25 943 male smokers among whom 1098 diabetes cases were identified from a national register during a 12-year follow-up. Diet was assessed by a validated food frequency questionnaire. The relative risks (RR) and confidence intervals (CI) for diabetes were analyzed using Cox proportional hazard modeling, and multivariate nutrient density models were applied to examine the associations between substitutions of macronutrients and diabetes risk. RESULTS: The risk of diabetes was lower when fat or protein was replaced with an isoenergetic amount (2% of energy intake) of carbohydrates, the multivariate RRs were 0.96 (95% CI: 0.94, 0.99) and 0.85 (95% CI: 0.80, 0.90), respectively. The lower risks were due to replacing saturated plus trans fatty acids, and meat, milk or plant protein with carbohydrates, respectively. Low-, medium-or high-GI carbohydrates did not associate with lower diabetes risk when replacing fat or fatty acids, except when total fat was replaced with medium-GI carbohydrates. Low-, medium-and high-GI carbohydrates had similar inverse associations with diabetes risk when they replaced total, meat or milk protein. CONCLUSION:Higher carbohydrate intake at the expense of fat, attributable to trans and saturated fatty acids, or protein was associated with decreased diabetes risk. Replacing fat or protein with lower-GI carbohydrates was not more beneficial than replacing it with higher-GI carbohydrates.

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Meat consumption and the risk of type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies

Cited by 311 publications

References 65 publications

Dietary intake and peripheral arterial disease incidence in middle-aged adults: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study ,

Dietary intake and peripheral arterial disease incidence in middle-aged adults: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study ,

Association between dietary meat consumption and incident type 2 diabetes: the EPIC-InterAct study

Carbohydrate substitution for fat or protein and risk of type 2 diabetes in male smokers

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