Mechanical behaviour of earthen materials: A comparison between earth block masonry, rammed earth and cob

Miccoli, Lorenzo; Müller, Urs; Fontana, Patrick

doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.03.009

Cited by 273 publications

(153 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…In order to obtain a wall with better thermal properties but respecting the required strength and resistance to seismic effects, organic materials can be added which have to be in dry condition (chaff, straw, etc. ), as well as inorganic materials (sand, gravel, crushed bricks) [4]. To increase resistance to water, stabilizers can also be added: cement, fly ash, lime, tar and bitumen, peat sludge materials containing proteins (caseins, albumin and various wastes of leather and alcohol industry), granulated slag mixed with a small amount of lime, gypsum, etc...…”

Section: Earth -The Ancient Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Energy Sustainability of Rammed Earth Buildings

Hegediš¹,

Karaman²,

Čeh³

et al. 2017

AFST

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Earth construction has long tradition in our civilization with wide distribution in various ways and techniques of application. When combined with other natural materials it is the material for construction of comfortable space for people. Increased need for energy efficient houses actualizes this type of construction in modern conditions as a holistic solution for modern buildings. In addition to many uses of earth as a building material, rammed earth wall came to consideration since it allows us to observe most of the advantages and disadvantages of this type of construction. Finding solutions to remedy observed disadvantages will lead to improved construction of adobe, wattle-and-daub, unbaked bricks, etc. This paper is aimed at proving energy efficiency of rammed earth wall and it points out possible research directions into improvements while preserving existing benefits. The most important issue is preservation of cost efficiency of earth building while using other natural supplements into the soil mixture.

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Section: Earth -The Ancient Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Energy Sustainability of Rammed Earth Buildings

Hegediš¹,

Karaman²,

Čeh³

et al. 2017

AFST

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“…Straw reinforcement (based on the cereal teff, Eragrostis abyssinica, a crucial indigenous staple in Ethiopia) is a common structural element in mud houses in the country. Fibre reinforced mud structures are subjects of recent investigations that have shown the enhanced properties achieved due to the use of plant fibrous materials like the straw inclusions [13][14][15][16][17][18]. The fine-textured preparatory layer was applied thinly onto the earth/mud preparation and in turn made to receive the painting layer.…”

Section: Structure Of the Paintingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multi-analytical investigation into painting materials and techniques: the wall paintings of Abuna Yemata Guh church

2016

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Abuna Yemata Guh is one of the nine Saints who are traditionally claimed to have come to Northern Ethiopia in the beginning of the sixth century and established monasteries in the Tigray region. The church, named after him, is hewn out of the side of one of the highest sandstone spires in the Gheralta area. Though the local tradition claims earlier dates, the paintings in the church are suggested to belong to the second half of the fifteenth century on the basis of their theme, style and iconography. We report here the investigation into the materials and techniques of the paintings using diverse complementary analytical techniques: Polarized light microscopy (PLM), portable X-ray fluorescence spectrometer (pXRF), scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), synchrotron-based X-ray diffraction (SR-XRD), pyrolysis gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS), microRaman spectroscopy (MRS) and micro-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (micro-FTIR). Earth materials based on hematite, goethite and terra verte were the main findings, but cinnabar, orpiment, lead white and carbon black were also identified. The stratigraphic analyses of samples from different locations coupled with SR-XRD analysis indicated the presence of anhydrite, gypsum, calcite and lime in the preparation layer. The pigments identified together with close visual examination showed repainting and retouching within the area in which the Marian figure is depicted, as well as in a nearby figure. The ground preparatory layer consisted of red mud reinforced by straw applied to the chiseled sandstone support. The egg-based binding medium suggests that tempera technique was used. Technical studies of Ethiopian wall paintings are scant, but highly needed as this world heritage is threatened due to limited conservation. Our documentation of the materials and techniques is therefore aimed to stem this loss, as well as to provide information for art historical studies.

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“…Most investigations show that there is correlation between the unconfined compressive strength and dry density of samples. The correlation factor between density and compressive strength of both URE and CSRE walls was considered 0.8 based on data extracted from past researches [2,12].…”

Section: Resistance Random Variablesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, as they are susceptible to erosion and physical damages, they need continuous maintenance. Their high mass, low ductility and low tensile and shear strength lead to detrimental damages during high or moderate ground motions [1][2][3][4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reliability and Uncertainty in Analysis of Rammed Earth Walls

Kianfar¹,

Toufigh²

2017

Proceedings of the 2nd World Congress on New Technologies

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-This paper deals with reliability analysis and uncertainty of rammed earth (RE) structures as a widely used sustainable and environment-friendly structure. Due to lack of comprehensive design standards, the engineers often rely on "rule-of-thumb" methods, which leads to quite conservative or unsafe designs. In this study, uncertainty of load and resistance parameters were included in analysis of rammed earth structures. The reliability index and failure probability of RE structures were evaluated using First-OrderReliability-Method (FORM). The analysis was performed based on the different loads and resistance random variables parameters. Based on the results, the recommended wall thickness by various codes are quite conservative. On the other hands, larger wall thickness is required under severe loadings conditions. The compressive strength of unstabilized materials under severe loading conditions should be more than minimum recommended. The sensitivity analysis on the random variables indicates that the compressive strength and the environmental loads factors are the most important random variables that contribute to reliability of the structures.

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Mechanical behaviour of earthen materials: A comparison between earth block masonry, rammed earth and cob

Cited by 273 publications

References 10 publications

Energy Sustainability of Rammed Earth Buildings

Energy Sustainability of Rammed Earth Buildings

Multi-analytical investigation into painting materials and techniques: the wall paintings of Abuna Yemata Guh church

Reliability and Uncertainty in Analysis of Rammed Earth Walls

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