“…5 The effect of biophysical forces on the JAK/STAT pathway \Cells can sense their extracellular environment and respond to chemical (Armstrong et al, 2017), optical (Pail et al, 2011), thermal (McGlynn et al, 2021, and biophysical forces (Pan et al, 1999;Ruwhof and van der Laarse, 2000) signals, which can affect downstream cellular signaling pathways via second messenger cascades (Pan et al, 1999). Ultimately, these changes alter cell behavior and functions (Komuro et al, 1990;Sadoshima and Izumo, 1993;Manokawinchoke et al, 2021). Unlike the effects of drug stimulation or gene editing on cellular activity and pharmacological responses (Bhardwaj et al, 2014), cells are often subjected to continuous and weak mechanical forces from the surroundings (Wang et al, 2010;Wang et al, 2016;Ding et al, 2017).…”