Mechanically Ventilated Broiler Sheds: a Possible Source of AerosolizedSalmonella,Campylobacter, andEscherichia coli

Chinivasagam, H.N.; Tran, T.; Maddock, L.; Gale, AN; Blackall, P. J.

doi:10.1128/aem.01380-09

Cited by 79 publications

(86 citation statements)

References 37 publications

(40 reference statements)

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“…The average concentration ranged from 1 to 133 cfu·m −3 of air, with most days having nondetectable concentrations. Although a variety of gram-negative bacteria have been recovered from within animal houses (Zucker et al, 2000;Chang et al, 2001;Chinivasagam et al, 2009), some researchers have indicated difficulty in cultivating these organisms at open feedlots (Wilson et al, 2002). The limited detection of airborne E. coli downwind of the freestall dairy could be caused by environmental conditions (e.g., solar radiation) that reduce overall numbers or the transformation of airborne organisms into a viable but nonculturable state.…”

Section: Airborne Bacteria and Fungimentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Bioaerosols generated at concentrated animal-feeding operations (CAFO) may cause adverse health effects such as allergy and toxicosis in animals, workers, and residents in nearby communities (Dungan, 2010). To date, most CAFO studies have investigated bioaerosols within animal housing units, near mechanical ventilation systems, downwind of the facility, or all 3 (Chang et al, 2001;Wilson et al, 2002;Schulze et al, 2006;Chinivasagam et al, 2009). The general trend is that bioaerosol concentrations are typically the greatest indoors, less near the exhaust of the ventilation systems, and decrease with distance to background concentrations within a few hundred meters of the animal production facilities.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Concentrations of airborne endotoxin and microorganisms at a 10,000-cow open-freestall dairy1

Dungan

Leytem

Bjorneberg

2011

Journal of Animal Science

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Confined animal production systems produce increased bioaerosol concentrations, which are a potential respiratory health risk to individuals on site and downwind. In this longitudinal study, airborne endotoxin and microorganisms were collected during the spring, summer, and fall at a large, open-freestall dairy in southern Idaho. Compared with the background ambient atmosphere, both endotoxin and culturable heterotrophic bacteria concentrations were up to severalhundred-fold greater 50 m downwind from the facility, then decreased to near background concentrations at 200 m. However, downwind fungi concentrations were not increased above background concentrations. At 50 m downwind, the average inhalable endotoxin concentration ranged from 5 to 4,243 endotoxin units per m −3 , whereas bacteria concentrations ranged from 10 2 to 10 4 cfu per m −3 of air. Although the bioaerosol concentrations did not follow a seasonal trend, they did significantly correlate with meteorological factors. Increasing temperature was found to be positively correlated with increasing bacteria (r = 0.15, P < 0.05), fungi (r = 0.14, P < 0.05), and inhalable endotoxin (r = 0.32, P < 0.001) concentrations, whereas an inverse relationship occurred between the concentration and solar radiation. The airborne concentrations at 50 m were also found to be greatest at night, which can likely be attributed to changes in animal activity and wind speed and reduced exposure of the airborne microorganisms to UV radiation.

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Section: Airborne Bacteria and Fungimentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Concentrations of airborne endotoxin and microorganisms at a 10,000-cow open-freestall dairy1

Dungan

Leytem

Bjorneberg

2011

Journal of Animal Science

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“…47 Several studies have reported the presence of high levels of airborne Escherichia coli, Salmonella, and Campylobacter inside poultry houses. 29,31,[48][49][50][51][52][53] …”

Section: Littermentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of respiratory route as a viable portal of entry for Salmonella in poultry

Kallapura¹,

Hernández-Velasco²,

Pumford³

et al. 2014

VMRR

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“…Wathes et al (1986) found warm and dry temperatures of more than 30 °C increased the rapid death of aerosol E. coli (Wathes et al 1986). Studies on Australian poultry farms have reported a seasonal pattern for E. coli survival, where survival rates increase in the colder months compared to summer months (Chinivasagam et al 2009;Wathes, 1996). Another study by Chinivasagam et al (2009) suggested that high temperatures and direct sunlight reduced the level of bacteria.…”

Section: Risk and Predisposing Factors Associated With Avian Colibacimentioning

confidence: 99%

“…birds (Chinivasagam et al, 2009). A standardised management protocol in regards to farm management, drug administration and biosecurity protocols are followed on all of the chicken farms owned by the company due to the integrated system (ABARES, 2011).…”

Section: The Australian Poultry Industrymentioning

confidence: 99%

Studies on avian pathogenic Escherichia coli in commercial broiler chicken in South East Queensland

Awawdeh¹,

Turni²,

Henning³

et al.

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Avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) is the causative agent of avian colibacillosis, a localised or systemic infection resulting in clinical diseases such as colisepticemia, chronic respiratory disease and swollen-head syndrome. Globally, avian colibacillosis is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in poultry, and it has been associated with massive economic losses and welfare problems.This organism is of public health significance as APEC is communicable to humans. The diagnosis of avian colibacillosis relies on clinical signs, typical pathological lesions and culture of E. coli from affected tissue(s). Antimicrobial therapy is often used both for treatment and control. Previous overseas studies have characterised APEC and identified virulence genes (VGs) that can be used as molecular markers for the identification of APEC. Little is known about APEC in broiler chickens in Australia.The aim of this thesis was to gain a better understanding of the epidemiology of APEC in Australian broiler flocks and how factors including presence of VGs and phylogenetic group can improve the identification of this pathotype in Australia. Firstly, three faecal DNA extraction methods were evaluated. Faeces were collected from healthy chickens and chickens with colibacillosis from commercial broiler farms in South East Queensland (SEQ). The extracted DNA was screened by a pentaplex-PCR for five APEC-associated VGs (iroN, iutA, iss, hlyF and ompT). DNA extracted from E. coli isolates cultured from the cloaca and organs of the birds were screened using the same PCR.Repeated bead beating plus column elution was the preferred DNA extraction method, as it yielded good PCR quality and adequate quantity DNA. However, identifying APEC by direct detection of the five VGs from the faecal material was not feasible as all of these genes were also detected in all of the birds. However, the VGs were more commonly detected in E. coli isolates cultured from birds with colibacillosis.A cross-sectional study was performed to estimate APEC farm-level prevalence in healthy broiler chickens in SEQ and to identify potential risk factors associated with the carriage of APEC. At the farm-level, all of the 40 farms sampled were positive for APEC, that is at least one bird per farm carried APEC, while the within-farm prevalence was 63% (95% Confidence Interval: 55.8, 70.2).Higher APEC within-farm bird-level prevalence was significantly associated with the usage of well water as a source of drinking water, failure to disinfect the water line after each flock, farm visitors not showering before entering the shed, distances greater than 20 metres between the car park and the poultry shed and the presence of wild birds within 50 metres of the shed. Chlorinating the drinking water combined with automatic water filtration reduced within-farm bird-level APEC prevalence. Page | 3Therefore, based on the results concluded from the multivariable model, improving biosecurity and water treatments might reduce APEC prevalence, decrease the risk of co...

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Mechanically Ventilated Broiler Sheds: a Possible Source of AerosolizedSalmonella,Campylobacter, andEscherichia coli

Cited by 79 publications

References 37 publications

Concentrations of airborne endotoxin and microorganisms at a 10,000-cow open-freestall dairy1

Concentrations of airborne endotoxin and microorganisms at a 10,000-cow open-freestall dairy1

Evaluation of respiratory route as a viable portal of entry for Salmonella in poultry

Studies on avian pathogenic Escherichia coli in commercial broiler chicken in South East Queensland

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