Mechanistic studies on the role of copper- and molybdenum-containing species as flame and smoke suppressants for poly(vinyl chloride)

Wescott, L. D.; Starnes, W. H.; Mujsce, A. M.; Linxwiler, P.A.

doi:10.1016/0165-2370(85)80023-1

Cited by 20 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…These results once again corroborate the cone calorimeter observations and the dynamic thermal stability studies in the torque rheometer, as well as the diverse studies conducted by Starnes Jr. and coworkers,10–15 Kroenke and Lattimer16–20 and Li and Wang,21–26 demonstrating the anticipation and acceleration effect of processes tied to dehydrochlorination.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 87%

“…Thus, all of the formulations can be compared based on the PVC composite's reference formulation. Analysis of the NCR results shows the effect of metallic oxides is significant, corroborating several studies conducted by Starnes Jr. and coworkers,10–15 Kroenke and Lattimer16–20 and Li and Wang,21–26 confirming that the performance mechanisms of the main smoke suppressor agents used in PVC are based on interference in Diels‐Alder condensation reactions and in the formation of benzene and other aromatic compounds. According to the authors, additives based on molybdenum interfere in the dechlorination process and in the formation of polyene sequences, anticipating their occurrence and forcing the formation of char, inducing the formation of structures fundamentally based on trans‐polyens to the detriment of cis‐polyens.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 83%

“…The amount of carbonaceous residue left from the speciment at the end of the cone calorimeter measurement is another important parameter related to the release of smoke by materials during combustion, simply because one of the main mechanisms for reducing smoke is the fixation of organic matter in the solid phase, retarding/avoiding its pyrolysis and consequent combustion 1, 3, 10–20. A simple check of Table III shows that all of the oxides studied have statistical significance in relation to char residue (CR) quantity values.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Smoke suppressors in PVC, based on molybdenum and copper, were previously studied by Starnes Jr. and coworkers,10–15 Kroenke and Lattimer,16–20 and Li and Wang 21–26. In a previous work,27 the authors presented the combustion and degradation properties of PVC/metallic oxides/O‐MMT nanocomposites, and concluded that the effects of a ternary mixture of CuO/MoO 3 /ZnO is significantly more efficient in the reduction of heat release and smoke suppression of a flexible PVC compound.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

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Metallic oxides as fire retardants and smoke suppressants in flexible poly(vinyl chloride)

Rodolfo

Mei

2010

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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Combustion and smoke emission properties of PVC compounds, modified with copper (II), molybdenum, and zinc oxides, were studied using cone calorimeter, limiting oxygen index (LOI) and thermogravimetry coupled with mass spectrometry (TG/MS). Results showed that the metal oxides have a very significant effect on the combustion and smoke suppression properties of the PVC compounds. The results also confirmed the anticipation mechanisms of the dehydrochlorination reactions, reductive coupling, and elimination of benzene resulting from the presence of copper (II), molybdenum, and zinc, indicated by the increasing content of postcombustion char residue and the significant reduction in benzene production, indicated by the MS measurements performed. The results also provide indications that the combination of the copper (II) and molybdenum oxides is the one with the best balance of combustion properties, as it reduced the heat released and promoted the suppression of smoke more efficiently. The formulations containing ZnO, because of their strong Lewis acid character, indicated a less pronounced reduction of smoke released during the combustion process, when compared with copper (II) and molybdenum oxides.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 87%

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 83%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

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Metallic oxides as fire retardants and smoke suppressants in flexible poly(vinyl chloride)

Rodolfo

Mei

2010

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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“…The additives that cause crosslinking act within the polymer matrix, and in the case of poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC), many of them are known to function there as actual or incipient Lewis-acid catalysts, in keeping with a mechanism first suggested some 30 years ago [1]. This mechanism involves several reactions that generate crosslinks [1][2][3], one of which is the Friedel-Crafts alkylation of alkene linkages that result from PVC thermolysis (Eq. 1).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Metal‐exchanged clay and zeolite additives as smoke suppressants and fire retardants for poly(vinyl chloride)

Zestos

Grinnell

Vinh

et al. 2009

Vinyl Additive Technology

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Controlled improvement in the reliability and security of any system requires a comprehensive analysis. This requires the systematic identification of the fundamental underlying components of the system using a rigorous discipline. If successful, this process will illuminate areas for concern and identify areas for potential system enhancements. Such comprehensive analysis can be conducted for communications infrastructure using a framework of eight ingredients. This paper will explore these eight ingredients and identify their usage in vulnerability analysis and best practice identification for enhancing the reliability and security of communications infrastructure. © 2006 Lucent Technologies Inc.

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Poly(vinyl chloride)/metallic oxides/organically modified montmorillonite nanocomposites: Fire and smoke behavior

Rodolfo

Mei

2009

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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Nanocomposites of poly(vinyl chloride), metallic oxides (copper, molybdenum, and zinc), and organically modified montmorillonite (O-MMT) were prepared in a melt-blending or intercalation-in-the-molten state process, and their morphology was assessed with X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. The formation of an intercalated/partially exfoliated hybrid microstructure was confirmed in every situation studied. The combustion and smoke emission properties were studied with cone calorimetry, limiting oxygen index, and thermogravimetry (TG) coupled with mass spectroscopy (MS). The results reveal that the metallic oxides had a significant effect on both the combustion properties and smoke suppression, whereas O-MMT only affected these properties discretely. Little interaction was observed in the joint use of these additives. The results also confirm the anticipation of dehydrochlorination, reductive coupling, and benzene suppression mechanisms resulting from the presence of copper, molybdenum, and zinc metals; these were indicated by the increase in carbonaceous char residue and the significant reduction in benzene formation, in this case indicated in the TG/MS measurements obtained.

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Mechanistic studies on the role of copper- and molybdenum-containing species as flame and smoke suppressants for poly(vinyl chloride)

Cited by 20 publications

References 8 publications

Metallic oxides as fire retardants and smoke suppressants in flexible poly(vinyl chloride)

Metallic oxides as fire retardants and smoke suppressants in flexible poly(vinyl chloride)

Metal‐exchanged clay and zeolite additives as smoke suppressants and fire retardants for poly(vinyl chloride)

Poly(vinyl chloride)/metallic oxides/organically modified montmorillonite nanocomposites: Fire and smoke behavior

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