Mechanoreceptors

Akoev, G. N.; Крылов, Б. В.; Alekseev, N. P.

doi:10.1007/978-3-642-72935-5

Cited by 17 publications

(9 citation statements)

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“…Populations of vesicles are a prominent feature of muscle spindle primary afferent terminals at the EM level (Fig. 6a, b ), as they are in all mechanosensory endings [ 3 , 19 , 83 ]. While these vesicles can vary in size and morphology, most are described as small and clear.…”

Section: Synaptic-like Vesiclesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanotransduction in the muscle spindle

Bewick

Banks

2014

Pflugers Arch - Eur J Physiol

147

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The focus of this review is on the principal sensory ending of the mammalian muscle spindle, known as the primary ending. The process of mechanosensory transduction in the primary ending is examined under five headings: (i) action potential responses to defined mechanical stimuli—representing the ending's input–output properties; (ii) the receptor potential—including the currents giving rise to it; (iii) sensory-terminal deformation—measurable changes in the shape of the primary-ending terminals correlated with intrafusal sarcomere length, and what may cause them; (iv) putative stretch-sensitive channels—pharmacological and immunocytochemical clues to their identity; and (v) synaptic-like vesicles—the physiology and pharmacology of an intrinsic glutamatergic system in the primary and other mechanosensory endings, with some thoughts on the possible role of the system. Thus, the review highlights spindle stretch-evoked output is the product of multi-ionic receptor currents plus complex and sophisticated regulatory gain controls, both positive and negative in nature, as befits its status as the most complex sensory organ after the special senses.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s00424-014-1536-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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Section: Synaptic-like Vesiclesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanotransduction in the muscle spindle

Bewick

Banks

2014

Pflugers Arch - Eur J Physiol

147

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“…First, all electronmicrograph (EM) studies of mammalian primary mechanosensory endings reported (or, our examination of the published EM in these studies revealed) 50-nm clear vesicles (Krauhs, 1979 ; Akoev et al. 1988 ; Zelena, 1994 ), with the first overt reference to their resemblance to synaptic vesicles noted in 1966 (Cauna, 1966 ). Second, spindle afferent immunocytochemistry revealed many synaptic vesicle-associated proteins, including synaptophysin (a ubiquitous synaptic vesicle protein) and synapsin I (Fig.…”

Section: Early Studies: the Classical Model Of Mechanosensation Is Inmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synaptic‐like vesicles and candidate transduction channels in mechanosensory terminals

Bewick

2015

Journal of Anatomy

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This article summarises progress to date over an exciting and very enjoyable first 15 years of collaboration with Bob Banks. Our collaboration began when I contacted him with (to me) an unexpected observation that a dye used to mark recycling synaptic vesicle membrane at efferent terminals also labelled muscle spindle afferent terminals. This observation led to the re‐discovery of a system of small clear vesicles present in all vertebrate primary mechanosensory nerve terminals. These synaptic‐like vesicles (SLVs) have been, and continue to be, the major focus of our work. This article describes our characterisation of the properties and functional significance of these SLVs, combining our complementary skills: Bob's technical expertise and encyclopaedic knowledge of mechanosensation with my experience of synaptic vesicles and the development of the styryl pyridinium dyes, of which the most widely used is FM1‐43. On the way we have found that SLVs seem to be part of a constitutive glutamate secretory system necessary to maintain the stretch‐sensitivity of spindle endings. The glutamate activates a highly unusual glutamate receptor linked to phospholipase D activation, which we have termed the PLD‐mGluR. It has a totally distinct pharmacology first described in the hippocampus nearly 20 years ago but, like the SLVs that were first described over 50 years ago, has since been little researched. Yet, our evidence and literature searches suggest this glutamate/SLV/PLD‐mGluR system is a ubiquitous feature of mechanosensory endings and, at least for spindles, is essential for maintaining mechanosensory function. This article summarises how this system integrates with the classical model of mechanosensitive channels in spindles and other mechanosensory nerve terminals, including hair follicle afferents and baroreceptors controlling blood pressure. Finally, in this time when there is an imperative to show translational relevance, I describe how this fascinating system might actually be a useful therapeutic drug target for clinical conditions such as hypertension and muscle spasticity. This has been a fascinating 15‐year journey in collaboration with Bob who, as well as having an astute scientific mind, is also a great enthusiast, motivator and friend. I hope this exciting and enjoyable journey will continue well into the future.

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“…Similar axonal segments are also found at the heminodes in other mammalian mechanoreceptors (Zelená 1994). These encoding regions of the axolemma presumably include a specific set of ionic channels that is necessary for generation of propagated impulses and which probably differs from that of the nodal regions where the axolemma has a similar appearance but where its function is that of propagating impulses (Akoev et al 1988). …”

Section: Relation Of Structure To Functionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Crural Herbst corpuscles in chicken and quail: numbers and structure

Zelená

Halata

Szeder

et al. 1997

Anatomy and Embryology

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Herbst corpuscles were studied in the crural region of perinatal and adult chicken and quail in order to find out their number and dimensions and to learn more about their structure, especially in relation to size. Crural corpuscles are arrayed in an encapsulated string between tibia and fibula. They are closely packed together; a small number of corpuscles is found apart from the string, often attached to the periost. The strings of corpuscles are approximately 40 mm long in adult chicken and 20 mm long in the quail. The crural region of the chicken contains 382.8 +/- 90.9 (mean +/- SD) corpuscles, the numbers ranging from 301 to 582; in the quail, the mean number is 119.2 +/- 27.9, with a range from 83 to 167 corpuscles. In the chicken, one axon supplies an average of 1.60 corpuscles; in the quail, the relation of axons to corpuscles is approximately 0.92. In both species, final numbers of crural corpuscles are already attained before hatching and no difference is found in the mean number and range of corpuscles between perinatal and adult birds. In both chicken and quail, individual strings contain corpuscles of various sizes, from large to very small. The chicken corpuscles are generally twice as large in diameter and often longer than those of the quail. The corpuscles are composed of an axon terminal that projects two rows of axonal spines into the clefts of the inner core and ends with an ultraterminal bulb; the terminal is surrounded with a bilaterally symmetrical inner core, amorphous inner space containing collagen fibrils of various thickness, and a capsule. Large chicken corpuscles contain inner cores composed of up to 100 lamellae, while quail inner cores have half that number at the most. The capsules are usually composed of 8 to 10 lamellar layers in both species, but they are thicker in the chicken than in the quail. The possible functional significance of individual structural components of Herbst corpuscles is discussed.

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Mechanoreceptors

Cited by 17 publications

References 0 publications

Mechanotransduction in the muscle spindle

Mechanotransduction in the muscle spindle

Synaptic‐like vesicles and candidate transduction channels in mechanosensory terminals

Crural Herbst corpuscles in chicken and quail: numbers and structure

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