Meibomian Gland Dysfunction in Chronic Blepharitis

Mathers, William D.; Shields, William J.; Sachdev, Mahipal S; Petroll, Walter M; Jester, James V.

doi:10.1097/00003226-199107000-00001

Cited by 239 publications

(138 citation statements)

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“…This device presents advantages over a conventional transilluminator, because the fine tip of the light guide can be hidden behind an everted eyelid, making it possible to observe gland structure without interferometer. Loss of visible meibomian gland structure has been observed in patients with severe MGD [28][29][30]32] . Therefore, the presence of gland dropout at the central two thirds of the lower tarsus indicated the presence of MGD in this study.…”

Section: Assessment Of Mgdmentioning

confidence: 99%

Androgen Status of the Nonautoimmune Dry Eye Subtypes

2006

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Purpose: To evaluate androgen levels of patients diagnosed with nonautoimmune dry eye, either with meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD) or without MGD (non-MGD), and normal control subjects. This is a prospective, comparative, case-control study. Methods: Sixty-four (32 men and 32 women) subjects were enrolled for each of the three diagnostic groups. All dry eye patients were symptom positive. Nonfasting testosterone (T), sex hormone-binding globulin, serum albumin, dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), and DHEA sulphate levels of all study participants were determined using either automated immunoenzymatic assay, or standard radioimmunoassay. Analysis of variance was used to compare androgen levels among the three diagnostic groups in a gender-based design, followed by post-hoc multiple comparisons with the Tukey honestly significant difference test. Results: Mean T levels in men and women of the three diagnostic groups were not significantly different (p = 0.808, p = 0.156, respectively; ANOVA). Statistical analyses of the three diagnostic groups revealed a significant difference for men and women in bioavailable T levels (p = 0.002, p = 0.014, respectively; ANOVA), DHEA levels (p = 0.009, p = 0.004, respectively; ANOVA), and DHEA sulphate levels (p = 0.001, p = 0.001, respectively; ANOVA), whereas there was no statistically significant difference between non-MGD dry eye patients and controls for any of the measured androgen levels according to the post-hoc tests. Conclusion: This study demonstrates that the androgen pool of nonautoimmune dry eye patients with MGD is significantly depleted compared with that of non-MGD and control cases.

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Section: Assessment Of Mgdmentioning

confidence: 99%

Androgen Status of the Nonautoimmune Dry Eye Subtypes

2006

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“…1 Dysfunction of the Meibomian glands (MGD) is accompanied by hyperaemia and thickening of the lid margins, thickened lipid secretion and keratinisation of gland ducts, with consequent reduced lipid secretion into the tear film. 2 MGD is believed to be one of the major causes of ocular discomfort and abnormalities of the ocular surface.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Meibomian gland dysfunction and ocular discomfort in video display terminal workers

Fenga

Aragona

Cacciola

et al. 2007

Eye

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Purpose Meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD) is one of the most common ocular disorders encountered in clinical practice. The clinical manifestations of MGD are related to the changes in the tear film and ocular surface with symptoms of ocular discomfort. In recent years, many surveys have evaluated symptoms associated with the use of Video Display Terminals (VDT), and VDT use is recognized as a risk factor for eye discomfort. The aim of the present study was to determine if the presence of MGD contributes to the signs and symptoms of ocular discomfort during the use of VDT. Methods In course of a routine health surveillance programme, a group of 70 subjects fulfilled the inclusion criteria and responded to a questionnaire about symptoms of ocular discomfort. The following ocular tests were performed: tear break-up time, fluorescein corneal stain, and basal tear secretion test. Results A total of 52 subjects out of 70 (74.3%) had MGD. A statistically significant correlation between the symptoms of ocular discomfort and hours spent on VDT work was observed in the total population (r ¼ 0.358; P ¼ 0.002; 95% CI 0.13-0.54) and in the group of subjects with MGD (r ¼ 0.365; P ¼ 0.009; 95% CI 0.103-0.58). Such correlation was not shown in subjects without MGD. Conclusions The high prevalence of MGD among the subjects with symptoms of ocular discomfort suggests that this diagnosis should be considered when occupational health practitioners encounter ocular complaints among VDT operators. It appears that MGD can contribute to the development of ocular discomfort in VDT operators.

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“…A number of changes occur in the human MG with age that are thought to account for the increased frequency of meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD) in older populations (Hom et al, 1990;Mathers et al, 1991;Mathers and Lane, 1998) including MG "dropout," orifice plugging, cystic dilation of the duct, and atrophy of the MG acini (Gutgesell et al, 1982;Robin et al, 1985;Hykin and Bron, 1992;Mathers, 1993;Obata et al, 1994;Obata, 2002). These structural changes are thought to lead to altered or reduced tear outflow leading to disruption of the tear film, increased tear evaporation, and increased tear osmolarity that cause ocular discomfort, eye irritation, and chronic blepharitis.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These structural changes are thought to lead to altered or reduced tear outflow leading to disruption of the tear film, increased tear evaporation, and increased tear osmolarity that cause ocular discomfort, eye irritation, and chronic blepharitis. (Mathers et al, 1991;Shimazaki et al, 1995;Driver and Lemp, 1996).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Volumetric Reconstruction of the Mouse Meibomian Gland Using High‐Resolution Nonlinear Optical Imaging

Jester

Nien

Winkler

et al. 2011

The Anatomical Record

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Recent studies suggest that mouse meibomian glands (MG) undergo age-related atrophy that mimics changes seen in age-related human MG dysfunction (MGD). To better understand the structural/functional changes that occur during aging, this study developed an imaging approach to generate quantifiable volumetric reconstructions of the mouse MG and measure total gland, cell, and lipid volume. Mouse eyelids were fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde, embedded in LR White resin and serially sectioned. Sections were then scanned using a 20× objective and a series of tiled images (1.35 × 1.35 × 0.5 mm) with a pixel size of 0.44 μm lateral and 2 μm axial were collected using a Zeiss 510 Meta LSM and a femtosecond laser to simultaneously detect second harmonic generated (SHG) and two-photon excited fluorescence (TPEF) signals from the tissue sections. The SHG signal from collagen was used to outline and generate an MG mask to create surface renderings of the total gland and extract relevant MG TPEF signals that were later separated into the cellular and lipid compartments. Using this technique, three-dimensional reconstructions of the mouse MG were obtained and the total, cell, and lipid volume of the MG measured. Volumetric reconstructions of mouse MG showed loss of acini in old mice that were not detected by routine histology. Furthermore, older mouse MG had reduced total gland volume that is primarily associated with loss of the lipid volume. These findings suggest that mice MG undergo "dropout" of acini, similar to that which occurs in human age-related MGD.

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Meibomian Gland Dysfunction in Chronic Blepharitis

Cited by 239 publications

References 0 publications

Androgen Status of the Nonautoimmune Dry Eye Subtypes

Androgen Status of the Nonautoimmune Dry Eye Subtypes

Meibomian gland dysfunction and ocular discomfort in video display terminal workers

Volumetric Reconstruction of the Mouse Meibomian Gland Using High‐Resolution Nonlinear Optical Imaging

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